A comprehensive review of iPS cell line-based disease modelling of the polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias 2 and 3: a focus on the research outcomes.

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. To date, approximately 50 different subtypes of SCAs have been characterized. The prevalent types of SCAs are usually of PolyQ origin, wherein the disease pathology is a consequence of multiple glutamine residues being encoded onto the disease proteins, causing expansions.

Closing potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance: last-resort antimicrobials with the potential of being misused, the way forward - a short communication.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is still a formidable global public health challenge, as microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, evolve resistance to commonly used drugs, particularly antibiotics. The preservation of last-resort antimicrobials is critical for treating multi-drug-resistant infections; however, their indiscriminate use can exacerbate AMR crisis. This short communication delves into the multifaceted challenges, innovative strategies, and promising future directions to combat AMR effectively.