Expression of interleukin 11 and its receptor and their prognostic value in human breast cancer.

Background: Recent experimental evidence has shown a potential role of interleukin (IL)-11 and its receptor in breast cancer development and progression. However, there is little clinical information to support this hypothesis. We examined the expression of IL-11 and its receptor in primary breast cancer tissue samples and correlated their level of expression with the clinical outcome.

The role of tamoxifen in the management of gynaecomastia.

Gynaecomastia affects half of the male population at some stage in their life. Only a small proportion of them would require treatment for cosmetic appearance or to relieve pain and tenderness. Recently, tamoxifen has shown some promising results in the management of gynaecomastia.

How mammillary fistulas should be managed.

Mammillary fistulas are uncommon, but when they occur they cause prolonged morbidity. The etiology and management strategies are less well established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the etiologic factors and assess the results of surgical treatment.