Assessment of Risk Factors, Prehospital Measures and Clinical Needs of Patients Admitted With Snake Envenomation at a Rural Hospital in Trinidad and Tobago.

Objective: This study assessed the risk factors for sustaining a snake bite, the prehospital measures employed, and the clinical needs of patients admitted with confirmed envenomation.

Methodology: Data was collected at a single center, a rural secondary care hospital in Trinidad and Tobago. A cross-sectional method was used that enrolled all consenting patients requiring admission following clinical confirmation of snake envenomation during the period 2017-2019.

The epidemiology and control of in puppies.

is a helminth zoonosis that is estimated to infect more than 100 million dogs and 1 billion people, mostly in the tropics. Humans can be infected by accidentally ingesting embryonated eggs from the environment or occasionally after ingesting L larvae from paratenic hosts. This study investigated the importance of vertical transmission and the role of puppies in the epidemiology of through the examination of fecal samples from dogs less than one year of age in Grenada, West Indies, a small island tropical developing country.

Reduced Susceptibility and Resistance to Vancomycin of Staphylococcus aureus: A Review of Global Incidence Patterns and Related Genetic Mechanisms.

is a Gram-positive bacterium causing a wide range of infections ranging from cutaneous infections to endocarditis and bacteremia. Beta-lactamases such as penicillin and, subsequently, methicillin have been used in the treatment of . With the emergence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA), vancomycin, a bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitor, has been used as the treatment of choice for MRSA infections.

Defining the Need for Dermatologic Surgery Global Health in an Afro-Caribbean Country.

Background: Dermatologic surgery services are largely absent in Africa and in Afro-Caribbean counties. In the USA, studies of people of African ancestry have demonstrated health care gaps, but there are no data for Africa nor a Afro-Caribbean country. Dermatology surgery has been largely absent from global health because there are few data to demonstrate the need.

Needlestick injury prevention training among health care workers in the Caribbean.

The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among health care workers that is caused by sharps injuries is higher in the Caribbean and Latin America than in other regions of the world. To respond to and reduce occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens while also strengthening capacities in the Caribbean, needlestick injury prevention training programs for health care workers were implemented, beginning in 2011. The programs included lectures, workshops, policy reviews, evaluations of safety devices, and workplace assessment.

Clinical, Serological, and Molecular Observations from a Case Series Study during the Asian Lineage Zika Virus Outbreak in Grenada during 2016.

This paper describes the spatial and temporal distribution of cases, demographic characteristics of patients, and clinical manifestations of Zika virus (ZIKV) during the 2016 outbreak in Grenada. The first reported case was recorded in St. Andrew Parish in April, and the last reported case was seen in November, with peak transmission occurring in the last week of June, based on test results.

Public health response and lessons learned from the 2014 chikungunya epidemic in Grenada.

In June 2014, the first cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were diagnosed on the island of Carriacou, part of the tri-island state of Grenada. In the three months that followed, CHIKV spread rapidly, with conservative estimates of the population infected of at least 60%. Multiple challenges were encountered in the battle to manage the spread and impact of this high-attack rate virus, including 1) limited indigenous laboratory diagnostic capabilities; 2) an under-resourced health care system; 3) a skeptical general public, hesitant to accept facts about the origin and mode of transmission of the new virus; and 4) resistance to the vector control strategies used.

Polypharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions in emergency department patients in the Caribbean.

Background Potential Drug-Drug Interactions (DDI) account for many emergency department visits. Polypharmacy, as well as herbal, over-the-counter (OTC) and combination medication may compound this, but these problems are not well researched in low-and-middle-income countries. Objective To compare the incidence of drug-drug interactions and polypharmacy in older and younger patients attending the Emergency Department (ED).

Assessment of current occupational safety and health regulations and legislation in the Caribbean.

Neglecting occupational safety and health (OSH) can have adverse and even deadly consequences. While OSH is important in any nation, the issue is particularly concerning in developing countries, including ones in the Caribbean. The purpose of this study, which was carried out in 2012 and 2013, was to examine the reasons for an apparent fundamental lack of awareness of OSH in the Caribbean.

Occupational exposure and respiratory health problems among nutmeg production workers in Grenada, the Caribbean.

Background: The nutmeg industry is a major contributor to the Grenadian economy. However, workers in the industry face many environmental and occupational health risks.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to investigate respiratory health problems and possible related occupational exposures among nutmeg production workers.

Clinical and Serological Insights from the Asian Lineage Chikungunya Outbreak in Grenada, 2014: An Observational Study.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean region in 2014, and the first serologically confirmed case was seen in Grenada in July. This study investigated the outbreak of CHIKV in Grenada to identify the distinguishing clinical manifestations and the symptoms that corresponded the closest with serological test results. Sera were tested by IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction to distinguish between cases positive or negative for CHIKV.

Pesticide Exposure in the Caribbean: A Case From Nutmeg Processing.

Many developed countries around the world have implemented regulations to phase out or greatly restrict the use of pesticides. Pesticides are still utilized with minimal restrictions, however, in fumigating agricultural commodities in developing countries such as Grenada. This special report presents the case of a nutmeg factory worker in Grenada who worked with various pesticides including methyl bromide, magnesium phosphide (magtoxin), and aluminum phosphide (phostoxin) without the proper awareness and utilization of health and safety measures.

Zoonoses and one health: a review of the literature.

Background. One health is a concept that was officially adopted by international organizations and scholarly bodies in 1984. It is the notion of combining human, animal, and environmental components to address global health challenges that have an ecological interconnectedness.