Flue gas torrefaction of distilled spirit lees and the effects on the combustion and nitrogen oxide emission.

Flue gas torrefaction (FGT) integrated with combustion was introduced for the clean treatment of distilled spirit lees (DSL). The effects of temperature, residence time, and volumetric flow rate of FGTs were investigated. The improvement in the physicochemical and combustion characteristics of the torrefied DSL and the reaction mechanisms were clarified by a tube furnace and the TG-MS device.