Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Pediatric Cancer Imaging.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical imaging of adult patients. However, its utilization in pediatric oncology imaging remains constrained, in part due to the inherent scarcity of data associated with childhood cancers. Pediatric cancers are rare, and imaging technologies are evolving rapidly, leading to insufficient data of a particular type to effectively train these algorithms.

Multimodal Pediatric Lymphoma Detection using PET and MRI.

Lymphoma is one of the most common types of cancer for children (ages 0 to 19). Due to the reduced radiation exposure, PET/MR systems that allow simultaneous PET and MR imaging have become the standard of care for diagnosing cancers and monitoring tumor response to therapy in the pediatric population. In this work, we developed a multimodal deep learning algorithm for automatic pediatric lymphoma detection using PET and MRI.

Comparison of diffusion-weighted MRI and [F]FDG PET/MRI for treatment monitoring in pediatric Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Objective: To compare tumor therapy response assessments with whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging (WB-DWI) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([F]FDG) PET/MRI in pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Materials And Methods: In a retrospective, non-randomized single-center study, we reviewed serial simultaneous WB-DWI and [F]FDG PET/MRI scans of 45 children and young adults (27 males; mean age, 13 years ± 5 [standard deviation]; age range, 1-21 years) with Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 20) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 25) between February 2018 and October 2022. We measured minimum tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of up to six target lesions and assessed therapy response according to Lugano criteria and modified criteria for WB-DWI.

Radiomics; A Potential Next "Omics" in Psychiatric Disorders; An Introduction.

Psychiatric disorders remain one of the most debilitating conditions; however, most patients are never diagnosed and do not seek treatment. Despite its massive burden on modern society and the health system, many hurdles prevent proper diagnosis and management of these disorders. The diagnosis is primarily based on clinical symptoms, and efforts to find appropriate biomarkers have not been practical.

Comparison of whole-body DW-MRI with 2-[F]FDG PET for staging and treatment monitoring of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Purpose: To assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body (WB) DW-MRI with 2-[F]FDG PET for staging and treatment monitoring of children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).

Methods: Twenty-three children with LCH underwent 2-[F]FDG PET and WB DW-MRI at baseline. Two nuclear medicine physicians and two radiologists independently assessed presence/absence of tumors in 8 anatomical areas.

Association between Extracranial Carotid Artery Plaque and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis has been variably associated with dementia. Prior studies have focused on the association of carotid intima media thickness or carotid stenosis; however, there is evidence that carotid plaque may contribute to dementia, perhaps via microembolic phenomena.

Objectives: We sought to evaluate the role of carotid plaque in contributing to cognitive impairment by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the association between extracranial carotid plaque and cognitive dysfunction and dementia.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension imaging approaches and the implications in patient management.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) represents a clinical disease entity without a clear etiology, that if left untreated, can result in severe outcomes, including permanent vision loss. For this reason, early diagnosis and treatment is necessary. Historically, the role of cross-sectional imaging has been to rule out secondary or emergent causes of increased intracranial pressure, including tumor, infection, hydrocephalus, or venous thrombosis.

Emerging Applications of Radiomics in Neurological Disorders: A Review.

Radiomics has achieved significant momentum in radiology research and can reveal image information invisible to radiologists' eyes. Radiomics first evolved for oncologic imaging. Oncologic applications (histopathology, tumor grading, gene mutation analysis, patient survival, and treatment response prediction) of radiomics are widespread.

Asymptomatic Carotid Disease and Cognitive Impairment: What Is the Evidence?

The development of cognitive dysfunction and dementia is a complex, multifactorial process. One of the contributors to various types of cognitive dysfunction is carotid atherosclerosis which can frequently be seen in asymptomatic individuals. There are a number of different manifestations of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis including arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickening, flow-limiting stenosis, and complex, atherosclerotic plaque.

Accuracy of Machine Learning Models to Predict Mortality in COVID-19 Infection Using the Clinical and Laboratory Data at the Time of Admission.

Aim This study aimed to develop a predictive model to predict patients' mortality with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from the basic medical data on the first day of admission. Methods The medical data including the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features on the first day of admission of clinically diagnosed COVID-19 patients were documented. The outcome of patients was also recorded as discharge or death.

Clinical applications of diffusion-weighted sequence in brain imaging: beyond stroke.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a well-established MRI sequence for diagnosing early stroke and provides therapeutic implications. However, DWI yields pertinent information in various other brain pathologies and helps establish a specific diagnosis and management of other central nervous system disorders. Some of these conditions can present with acute changes in neurological status and mimic stroke.

Assessment of Recurrent Stroke Risk in Patients With a Carotid Web.

Importance: A carotid web (CW) is a shelf-like lesion along the posterior wall of the internal carotid artery bulb and an underrecognized cause of young stroke. Several studies suggest that patients with symptomatic CW have a high risk of recurrent stroke, but high-quality data are lacking.

Objective: To assess the 2-year risk of recurrent stroke in patients with a symptomatic CW.

Current Status and Quality of Machine Learning-Based Radiomics Studies for Glioma Grading: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Radiomics now has significant momentum in the era of precision medicine. Glioma is one of the pathologies that has been extensively evaluated by radiomics. However, this technique has not been incorporated into clinical practice.

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review.

As human life expectancy increases, there is an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. There are many ongoing research trials for early diagnosis and management of dementia, and neuroimaging is a critical part of such studies. However, conventional neuroimaging often fails to provide enough diagnostic findings in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

How may Doppler indices help in the differentiation of obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis?

Background: We assess the potency of different Doppler indices in the differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive hydronephrosis.

Materials And Methods: In this study, infants and children who were referred for the evaluation of unilateral hydronephrosis were enrolled. Ultrasonography for the assessment of the degree of hydronephrosis and a voiding cystourethrogram for the exclusion of vesicoureteral reflux was performed.

Phase sensitive reconstruction of T1-weighted inversion recovery in the evaluation of the cervical cord lesions in Multiple Sclerosis; is it similarly eligible in 1.5 T magnet fields?

Background: In primary studies with 3 T Magnets, phase sensitive reconstruction of T1-weighted inversion recovery (PSIR) have showed ability to depict the cervical multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions some of which may not be detected by short tau inversion recovery (STIR). Regarding to more availability of 1.5 T MRI, this study was designed to evaluate the eligibility of PSIR in 1.

Is there any Correlation between Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Breast Lesions of BIRADS Category 4 with Histopathologic Results?

Background: To evaluate the correlation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of breast lesions of Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS) category 4 with histopathologic results.

Materials And Methods: In a prospective study between December 2013 and April 2015, patients with suspicious mammographic and/or ultrasound findings referred for Breast MRI were evaluated. Patients with lesions of BI-RADS category 4 were enrolled with a written informed consent.

Computed tomography-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy for diagnosis of mediastinal mass lesions: Experience with 110 cases in two university hospitals in Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Computed tomography-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (PCNB) is a diagnostic technique for initial assessment of mediastinal mass lesions. This study was conducted to evaluate its diagnostic yield and its complication rate.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed the records of CT-guided PCNB in 110 patients with mediastinal mass lesions performed in Kashani and Alzahra Hospitals, Isfahan, from 2006 to 2012.

Resolution of aspergillosis in neuroimaging of an immunocompromised patient with pulmonary and cerebral lesions.

Central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis is uncommon and considered the most lethal form of aspergillosis. Indeed, current therapeutic strategies such as combination antifungal regimen, neurosurgical resection of infected tissue, and removal of infection source fail to improve the unsatisfactory prognosis of CNS aspergillosis in the majority of the patients. The authors describe a case of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis with concomitant CNS lesions that dramatically responded to antifungal therapy and the CNS lesions resolved in follow-up imaging.

Two unusual sites of cystic lymphangioma in a child: A report of imaging profile with surgical and histopathologic findings.

Cystic lymphangioma (CL) is a benign lymphatic malformation mostly seen in the head and neck of neonates and infants. Abdominal CL is an unusual entity which may present in omentum, mesentery, abdominal wall, or solid organs. The authors present an unusual case with two separate abdominal cystic lymphangiomas.

Usefulness of combination of grey-scale and color Doppler ultrasound findings in the diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome.

Background: Ulnar nerve entrapment (UNE) has been diagnosed with clinical examination and electrodiagnostic studies. This study was designed to determine the value of a combination of grey-scale and color Doppler ultrasound findings in the diagnosis of patients with UNE.

Materials And Methods: During May to August 2013 41 patients with UNE (proven by electrodiagnostic studies) and 44 healthy volunteers were evaluated by ultrasound study.

Prevalence and Prognosis of Cerebrovascular Accidents and its Subtypes Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Isfahan, Iran: A Hospital Clinic-based Study.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and prognosis of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and its subtypes among Iranian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, medical records of 575 SLE patients were reviewed. The patients developing CVA in their course of disease were extracted.

Fatal disseminated mucormycosis in an immunocompotent patient: a case report and literature review.

Disseminated mucormycosis is a rare entity most frequently seen in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies, post transplants or in patients on deferoxamine therapy. We report a 64-year-old immunocompetent male with an acute pneumonia and a generalized jaundice who died within 24 h. In the autopsy, extensive perforations of spleen and multiple hemorrhage foci on the pancreas were two significant findings.