Indian Trial of Tranexamic acid in Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage (INTRINSIC TRIAL) Study Protocol.

Rationale: Early mortality in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is due to haematoma volume (HV) expansion and there are no effective treatments available other than reduction in blood pressure. Tranexamic acid (TXA) a hemostatic drug which is widely available and safe can be a cost-effective treatment for ICH, if proven efficacious.

Hypothesis: Administration of TXA in ICH patients when given within 4.

Carotid Health in Patients with Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke and shares common risk factors with arterial strokes such as hyperhomocysteinemia, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and hypercoagulable state. These risk factors can alter both arterial and venous health leading to the occurrence of atherosclerosis in CVT patients.

Aims: To evaluate carotid hemodynamics in CVT patients.

MoCA in five Indian languages: A brief screening tool to diagnose dementia and MCI in a linguistically diverse setting.

Introduction And Objectives: Early dementia diagnosis in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is challenging due to limited availability of brief, culturally appropriate, and psychometrically validated tests. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is one of the most widely used cognitive screening tests in primary and secondary care globally. In the current study, we adapted and validated MoCA in five Indian languages (Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam) and determined the optimal cut-off points that correspond to screening for clinical diagnosis of dementia and MCI.

Picture-naming test for a linguistically diverse population with cognitive impairment and dementia.

Background: Picture-naming tests (PNTs) evaluate linguistic impairment in dementia due to semantic memory impairment, impaired lexical retrieval or perceptual deficits. They also assess the decline in naming impairment at various stages of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that occurs due to progressive cognitive impairment. With the increasing numbers of people with dementia globally, it is necessary to have validated naming tests and norms that are culturally and linguistically appropriate.

Validation of ICMR Neurocognitive Toolbox for Dementia in the Linguistically Diverse Context of India.

The growing prevalence of dementia, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), has raised the need for a unified cognitive screening tool that can aid its early detection. The linguistically and educationally diverse population in India contributes to challenges in diagnosis. The present study aimed to assess the validity and diagnostic accuracy of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Neurocognitive Toolbox (ICMR-NCTB), a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery adapted in five languages, for the diagnosis of dementia.

INSTRuCT: Protocol, Infrastructure, and Governance.

Background And Purpose: Very few large scale multicentric stroke clinical trials have been done in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research funded INSTRuCT (Indian Stroke Clinical Trial Network) as a task force project with the objectives to establish a state-of-the-art stroke clinical trial network and to conduct pharmacological and nonpharmacological stroke clinical trials relevant to the nation and globally. The purpose of the article is to enumerate the structure of multicentric stroke network, with emphasis on its scope, challenges and expectations in India.

Bilingualism and Its Implications for Neuropsychological Evaluation.

Objective: In the background of a large population of bilinguals globally, the study aimed to develop standards of neuropsychological testing in the context of bilingualism. Because bilingualism is known to affect cognitive processes, bilinguals and monolinguals were compared on their performance on cognitive tests, to investigate the possibility of the need for separate normative data for the two groups.

Method: A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, standardized across five Indian languages: the Indian Council of Medical Research-Neuro Cognitive Tool Box (ICMR-NCTB) was administered to 530 participants (267 monolingual and 263 bilinguals matched for age and education).

A Screening Tool to Detect Stroke Aphasia: Adaptation of Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (FAST) to the Indian Context.

Background: Aphasia is a common consequence of stroke. To optimize recovery, it becomes critical as there are early identification and treatment of language deficits. The rising burden of stroke aphasia and lack of screening tools in the Indian context necessitates the need for a screening tool.

Retrospective Hospital-based Study of Opportunistic Neuroinfections in HIV/AIDS.

Background: Patients with retroviral disease are prone to opportunistic infections (OIs) of the central nervous system which cause significant mortality and morbidity. Cryptococcosis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasma are the most commonneuroinfections occurring at all stages of the disease.

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical pattern of OIs and in-hospital mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Standardising Dementia Diagnosis Across Linguistic and Educational Diversity: Study Design of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Neurocognitive Tool Box (ICMR-NCTB).

Objectives: While the burden of dementia is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, there is a low rate of diagnosis and paucity of research in these regions. A major challenge to study dementia is the limited availability of standardised diagnostic tools for use in populations with linguistic and educational diversity. The objectives of the study were to develop a standardised and comprehensive neurocognitive test battery to diagnose dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to varied etiologies, across different languages and educational levels in India, to facilitate research efforts in diverse settings.

Prospective Hospital-Based Clinical and Electrophysiological Evaluation of Acute Organophosphate Poisoning.

Introduction: Acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning is one of the most common poisoning causing significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Acute cholinergic manifestations predominate with many patients requiring intensive care management and ventilator support. Nerve conduction studies including repetitive nerve stimulation can evaluate the altered neuromuscular transmission and peripheral nerve function by OPs.

Hospital-based Retrospective Study of Cryptococcal Meningitis in a Large Cohort from India.

Background: Cryptococcal meningitis is an important and a fatal neuroinfection. Early diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance in reducing morbidity and mortality.

Materials And Methods: Data of patients with laboratory-confirmed cryptococcal meningitis seen in tertiary care hospital were reviewed.

Intact thumb reflex in areflexic Guillain Barré syndrome: A novel phenomenon.

Introduction: Areflexia is one of the cardinal clinical features for the diagnosis of Guillain Barré syndrome. However, some patients may have sluggish proximal muscle stretch reflexes. Presence of thumb reflex, a distal stretch muscle reflex has not been documented in Guillain Barré syndrome.

Bethlem myopathy: An autosomal dominant myopathy with flexion contractures, keloids, and follicular hyperkeratosis.

Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy form a spectrum of collagenopathies caused by genetic mutations encoding for any of the three subunits of collagen VI. Bethlem phenotype is relatively benign and is characterized by proximal dominant myopathy, keloids, contractures, distal hyperextensibility, and follicular hyperkeratosis. Three patients from a single family were diagnosed to have Bethlem myopathy based on European Neuromuscular Centre Bethlem Consortium criteria.

Electromyographic and histological features of postpartum hypernatremic rhabdomyolysis.

Introduction: Rhabdomyolysis results from many causes including hypernatremia. Postpartum hypernatremia with osmotic cerebral demyelination is a rare cause of reversible rhabdomyolysis. Electromyographic studies in postpartum hypernatremia have not been reported.

Uncommon dyselectrolytemia complicating Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and hypokalemic paralysis are common causes of acute flaccid quadriparesis and specific therapeutic interventions differ. Simultaneous occurrence of severe hypokalemia in patients with GBS at the time of presentation can cause diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Presence of hypomagnesemia with hypokalemia in patients with GBS can be perplexing and pose further challenges.

Familial Guillain-Barré syndrome: First Indian report.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the commonest acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. Specific human leukocyte antigen types have been found in patients with axonal and demyelinating subtypes of GBS suggesting genetic susceptibility in the generation of GBS. However, familial occurrence of GBS is rare and 42 patients from 20 families have been reported.