Characterization of plant produced V antibodies against cobra venom toxins for antivenom therapy.

Cobra () venom contains many toxins including α-neurotoxin (αNTX) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which can cause neurodegeneration, respiratory failure, and even death. The traditional antivenom derived from animal serum faces many challenges and limitations. Heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAb), fusing V with human IgG Fc region, offer advantages in tissue penetration, antigen binding, and extended half-life.