Common Atrium or Atrioventricular Septal Defect: What Is in a Name?

• Common atrium is characterized by complete/near-complete absence of IAS. • Common atrium frequently accompanies AVSD, although it can occur as an isolated entity. • Most AVSDs with an atrial communication have normal to near-normal atrial septal lengths.

Evaluation of intramuscular sodium nitroprusside injection to improve oxygenation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with medetomidine-alfaxalone-azaperone.

Objective: In ungulates, α-adrenergic agonists can decrease oxygenation possibly through alteration of pulmonary perfusion. Sodium nitroprusside can decrease pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increase cardiac output (Q˙) through vasodilation. The objective was to determine if sodium nitroprusside would improve pulmonary perfusion and attenuate the increased alveolar-arterial (a-a) gradient resulting from medetomidine-azaperone-alfaxalone (MAA) administration.