The influence of prior work experience in aged care on nursing students' views on aged care nursing: A systematic review.

Background: Nursing students' experiences during clinical training in aged care placements is a well-studied topic. However, there is less research on the connection between nursing students' prior experiences as assistants in nursing (AIN) and their perception of aged care nursing.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify and synthesize undergraduate nursing students' experiences as working as AIN in aged care settings.

Utilizing associational resistance for biocontrol: impacted by temperature, supported by indirect defence.

Background: Associational herbivore resistance is potentiated by neighbouring heterogenic plant species that impact a focal plant's attraction to herbivores or the damage that they cause. One mechanism to confer associational resistance is believed to be exposure to neighbour-emitted volatiles, the receivers of which range from intra- and interspecific neighbour plants to higher-trophic-level insects. In previous studies the passive adsorption of neighbour-emitted semivolatiles has been reported, but little is known regarding the mechanisms and ecological consequences on the receiver plant and its associated biota.

Plant-emitted semi-volatiles shape the infochemical environment and herbivore resistance of heterospecific neighbors.

Plant-emitted volatiles have been reported to shape ecological interactions occurring among species within single or between multiple trophic levels. The ecological contribution of volatiles to plant-herbivore, plant-pathogen, plant-to-plant and multitrophic interactions can be mutualistic, or may either favour or disfavour the players involved in the infochemical network. Emitting, perceiving or being passively engaged with airborne volatiles can result in ecological costs and/or benefits, render competitive advantage and shape population dynamics.

Birch (Betula spp.) leaves adsorb and re-release volatiles specific to neighbouring plants--a mechanism for associational herbivore resistance?

Plant-emitted semi-volatile compounds have low vaporization rates at 20-25 degrees C and may therefore persist on surfaces such as plant foliage. The passive adsorption of arthropod-repellent semi-volatiles to neighbouring foliage could convey associational resistance, whereby a plant's neighbours reduce damage caused by herbivores. We found that birch (Betula spp.

Degree of herbivore feeding damage as an important contributor to multitrophic plant-parasitoid signaling under climate change.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) serve as signals mediating information between plants and their higher trophic level beneficials, such as parasitoids and predators of herbivores. We recently demonstrated with oilseed rape ( L.) plants, herbivorous diamond-back moth ( L.

Smelling global climate change: mitigation of function for plant volatile organic compounds.

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have important roles in plant adaptation to the environment and serve as infochemicals in multitrophic interactions. Global climate change factors, such as increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, ozone and temperature, could alter how insects perceive such compounds. Here we review recent research on the influence of climate change parameters on the ecological functions of VOCs, with specific focus on terpenoids, the best-characterized VOCs.

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on volatile terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication of transgenic insecticidal oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

Does transgenically incorporated insect resistance affect constitutive and herbivore-inducible terpenoid emissions and multitrophic communication under elevated atmospheric CO(2) or ozone (O(3))? This study aimed to clarify the possible interactions between allocation to direct defences (Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin production) and that to endogenous indirect defences under future climatic conditions. Terpenoid emissions were measured from vegetative-stage non-Bt and Bt Brassica napus grown in growth chambers under control or doubled CO(2), and control (filtered air) or 100 ppb O(3). The olfactometric orientation of Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the herbivorous diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), was assessed under the corresponding CO(2) and O(3) concentrations.

Elevated atmospheric ozone increases concentration of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein in Bt Brassica napus and reduces feeding of a Bt target herbivore on the non-transgenic parent.

Sustained cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops requires stable transgene expression under variable abiotic conditions. We studied the interactions of Bt toxin production and chronic ozone exposure in Bt cry1Ac-transgenic oilseed rape and found that the insect resistance trait is robust under ozone elevations. Bt Cry1Ac concentrations were higher in the leaves of Bt oilseed rape grown under elevated ozone compared to control treatment, measured either per leaf fresh weight or per total soluble protein of leaves.

Constitutive and herbivore-inducible glucosinolate concentrations in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves are not affected by Bt Cry1Ac insertion but change under elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3.

Glucosinolates are plant secondary compounds involved in direct chemical defence by cruciferous plants against herbivores. The glucosinolate profile can be affected by abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli. We studied changes in glucosinolate patterns in leaves of non-transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp.

Spindle frequency remains slow in sleep apnea patients throughout the night.

Background: Our previous data suggested that in normal sleep the frequency of individual sleep spindles would be related to sleep depth and possibly to sleep pressure. Thus far spindle frequency patterns in patients with sleep disorders have not been studied. It would be expected that the spindle frequencies might be affected by sleep fragmentation disturbing the sleep process.

Limitations of Rechtschaffen and Kales.

The guidelines of Rechtschaffen and Kales (R&K) were meant as a reference method. However, it became, unintentionally, a gold standard. The rules have never been appropriately validated.

Fuzzy detection of EEG alpha without amplitude thresholding.

Intelligent automated systems are needed to assist the tedious visual analysis of polygraphic recordings. Most systems need detection of different electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms. The problem in automated detection of alpha activity is the large inter-individual variability of its amplitude and duration.