Adolescents with first-episode psychosis and clinical high risk in the Province of Ferrara: an audit on the implementation of a specialised early intervention program.

Objective: The first-episode psychosis (FEP) and clinical high-risk (CHR) team within the child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) service receives referrals by psychiatric units, CAMH service, schools, and general practitioners. This audit evaluated the implementation of the FEP-CHR team in Ferrara, Italy.

Methods: The FEP-CHR team provides standardised assessment and up to 2-year individualised treatment including pharmacological prescription, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, and vocational activities.

The Supreme Court's decision in : Does it condone healthcare injustice?

The UK Supreme Court's recent judgement in clarifies the standard for the identification of 'reasonable' alternative medical treatments. The required standard is that of a reasonable doctor: treatments that would be accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical opinion. Accordingly, the assessment of consent involves a two-stage test: first, a 'reasonable doctor' test for identifying alternative treatments; followed by a 'reasonable person in the patient's position' test for identifying the material risks of these reasonable alternative treatments.

Consent for Medical Treatment: What is 'Reasonable'?

The General Medical Council (GMC) instructs doctors to act 'reasonably' in obtaining consent from patients. However, the GMC does not explain what it means to be reasonable: it is left to doctors to figure out the substance of this instruction. The GMC relies on the Supreme Court's judgment in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board; and it can be assumed that the judges' idea of reasonability is adopted.

Does the General Medical Council's 2020 guidance on consent advance on its 2008 guidance?

The General Medical Council renewed its guidance on consent in 2020. In this essay, I argue that the 2020 guidance does not advance on the earlier, 2008 guidance in regard to treatments that doctors are obliged to offer to patients. In both, doctors are instructed to not provide treatments that are not in the overall benefit, or clinical interests, of the patient; although, patients are absolutely entitled to decline treatment.

Rawlsian justice in healthcare: a response to Cox and Fritz.

Cox and Fritz state the central problem as the absence of a framework for healthcare policy decisions; but, they overlook the theoretical underpinnings of public law. In response, they propose a two-step procedure to guide fair decision-making. The first step relies on Thomas Scanlon's 'contractualism' for stakeholders to consider whether, or not, they could reasonably reject policy proposals made by others; then in the second step, John Rawls's principles of justice are applied to these proposals; a fair policy requires to pass both steps.

First UK experience of endoscopic vacuum therapy for the management of oesophageal perforations and postoperative leaks.

Oesophageal perforations and anastomotic leaks are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is a promising novel treatment that promotes healing and avoids sepsis. There are no data reporting its use in the UK.

Surveillance Is Important After Surgical Excision of Giant Fibrovascular Polyps of the Esophagus.

Giant fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus are rare benign tumors arising from the cervical esophagus or hypopharynx. Radiologic and endoscopic investigation may struggle to identify a stalk or to delineate the tumor as luminal or submucosal in origin. Excision is advised, although the diagnosis, and therefore the optimal operative approach, may not be apparent until the time of operation.

DiPALS: Diaphragm Pacing in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting in death, usually from respiratory failure, within 2-3 years of symptom onset. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a treatment that when given to patients in respiratory failure leads to improved survival and quality of life. Diaphragm pacing (DP), using the NeuRx/4(®) diaphragm pacing system (DPS)™ (Synapse Biomedical, Oberlin, OH, USA), is a new technique that may offer additional or alternative benefits to patients with ALS who are in respiratory failure.

Informed decision-making for bariatric surgery: benefits, risks, uncertainties and choices.

Decision-making is a critical aspect of good surgical care, and this principle is particularly important in bariatric surgery. Adequate communication of information to patients is essential in order to facilitate optimal uptake of bariatric surgery and choice of the most suitable procedure. This article reviews the most relevant advances in understanding of long-term efficacy associated with gastric banding, gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.

Neurostimulation of the gastrointestinal tract: review of recent developments.

Objective: Neurostimulation is one manifestation of neuromodulation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This manuscript reviews the history of neurostimulation of the GI tract with emphasis on current methods of stimulation.

Materials And Methods: A review was completed of the current research on GI neurostimulation methods with an emphasis on their clinical applications.

Balancing law, ethics and reality in informed consent for surgery.

Informed consent has different implications and requirements in law and bioethics, and some irreconcilable disputes with the reality of surgical practice in the National Health Service. This article explores and discusses various aspects of informed consent that are of critical importance for practising surgeons in all specialties.

Gastric electrical stimulation for treatment of clinically severe gastroparesis.

Background: Severe, drug-resistant gastroparesis is a debilitating condition. Several, but not all, patients can get significant relief from nausea and vomiting by gastric electrical stimulation (GES). A trial of temporary, endoscopically delivered GES may be of predictive value to select patients for laparoscopic-implantation of a permanent GES device.

Frontotemporal dementia, manifested as schizophrenia, with decreased heterochromatin on chromosome 1.

Introduction. Frontotemporal dementia is a disorder of complex etiology, with genetic components contributing to the disease. The aim of this report is to describe a young patient suffering from frontotemporal dementia, misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, related to a genetic defect on chromosome 1.

Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: 8-9-year results.

Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has rapidly gained popularity as a definitive bariatric procedure despite the sparse long-term follow-up data. On the basis of extensive experience with the open Magenstrasse and Mill operation, we began practice of LSG in 2000. The objective of the present study was to analyze 8-9 years of our follow-up data for LSG at a university hospital in the United Kingdom.

An international perspective on interest in a general surgery career among final-year medical students.

Background: The level of interest in general surgery among US seniors has been declining; however, it may be perceived as a more attractive career outside the United States.

Methods: A survey was developed and distributed to students at medical schools in 8 countries. Results were analyzed to determine whether interest in general surgery was related to sex of the respondent or economic standing of the country.