TiO nanostructures - a double edged sword: current progress on their role in stem cells' differentiation, cancer therapy, and their toxicity issues.

Titanium dioxide (TiO)-based nanostructures have wide applications in cosmetics, toothpastes, pharmaceuticals, coatings, papers, inks, plastics, food products, textiles, and many others. Recently, they have also been found to have huge potential as stem cells' differentiation agents as well as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. In this review, we present some of the recent progress in the role of TiO-based nanostructures toward the above-mentioned applications.

State-of-the-art therapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem cells in prostate cancer.

The development of new therapeutic strategies is on the increase for prostate cancer stem cells, owing to current standardized therapies for prostate cancer, including chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radiotherapy, and surgery, often failing because of tumor relapse ability. Ultimately, tumor relapse develops into advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which becomes an irreversible and systemic disease. Hence, early identification of the intracellular components and molecular networks that promote prostate cancer is crucial for disease management and therapeutic intervention.

3D Printing of Micro- and Nanoscale Bone Substitutes: A Review on Technical and Translational Perspectives.

Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro- or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues.

Cardiac Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Impact of Biological and Chemical Inducers.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of global death, widely occurs due to irreparable loss of the functional cardiomyocytes. Stem cell-based therapeutic approaches, particularly the use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is an emerging strategy to regenerate myocardium and thereby improving the cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). Most of the current approaches often employ the use of various biological and chemical factors as cues to trigger and modulate the differentiation of MSCs into the cardiac lineage.