Co-existence of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune ailments in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Background And Aims: Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction (AITD) is a significant autoimmune disorder affecting the population across age groups. The clustering of autoimmune diseases tends to occur within the same patients and families. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association of Type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune ailments in patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Adrenal histoplasmosis in immunocompetent individuals a case series from the North-Western part of India, Rajasthan province: An emerging endemic focus.

Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and very few cases reported from North-West India. Adrenal histoplasmosis is an even more uncommon mycotic disease. We describe five immunocompetent men with adrenal histoplasmosis presenting with constitutional symptoms.

Bilateral Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling in Corticotropin-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome: A Single Center Experience from Western India.

Objective: Efficacy of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) in corticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS) for localization and lateralization of excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) source, as compared to high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pituitary, respectively.

Methodology: Thirteen patients with clinically and biochemically confirmed CS underwent HDDST, MRI pituitary, and BIPSS by an experienced team of intervention neurologist, neurosurgeon, and endocrinologist using percutaneous femoral vein approach.

Results: Of 13 patients (11 adults and two children) who underwent BIPSS, raised central to peripheral ACTH ratio was achieved in 12 cases, remaining one case being ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS).

Correlation of Olfactory Phenotype by Indian Smell Identification Test and Quantitative MRI of Olfactory Apparatus in Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.

Objectives: Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) can be associated with anosmia/hyposmia. The objective of this study is to evaluate olfaction by Indian smell identification test (INSIT) and measure olfactory bulbs (OBs) and sulci using dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with IHH and correlate MRI findings with INSIT.

Methods: Forty patients with IHH underwent (a) brief smell identification test (INSIT) and (b) MRI of the olfactory apparatus.

Coexistence of Autoimmune Disorders and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: An Observation from Western Part of India.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with various autoimmune disorders like celiac disease, thyroid disorder, adrenal failure, etc. However, how common is this association in Indian children is not clearly known.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of other coexisting autoimmune disorders in children with T1DM.

Osteoporosis in Otherwise Healthy Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Gender Based Comparative Study.

Background And Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may affect bone loss differentially in adult males and postmenopausal females. We evaluated the prevalence of osteoporosis in otherwise healthy adults with T2DM.

Materials And Methods: In a cross-sectional study, adults with T2DM, aged 50 years and above, were evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at spine and hip.

Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones.

Objective: Objective was to evaluate reproductive hormones levels in hypothyroid women and impact of treatment on their levels.

Materials And Methods: A total of 59 women with untreated primary hypothyroidism were included in this prospective study. Venous blood was taken at baseline and after euthyroidism was achieved for measuring serum free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and thyroid peroxidase antibody.

Metabolic syndrome: An independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction.

Objective: The objective was to determine the role of various components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED).

Materials And Methods: A total of 113 subjects of MetS, as recommended by recent IDF and AHA/NHLBI joint interim statement were selected for study who presented for ED. After doing Anthropometric examination, fasting laboratory assay for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done.

Congenital hypothyroidism.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the one of the most common preventable cause of mental retardation. In the majority of patients, CH is caused by an abnormal development of the thyroid gland (thyroid dysgenesis) that is a sporadic disorder and accounts for 85% of cases and the remaining 15% of cases are caused by dyshormonogenesis. The clinical features of congenital hypothyroidism are so subtle that many newborn infants remain undiagnosed at birth and delayed diagnosis leads to the most severe outcome of CH, mental retardation, emphasizing the importance of neonatal screening.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: Case report of three cases with review of literature.

Pickardt syndrome (Pickardt-Fahlbusch syndrome) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by tertiary hypothyroidism caused by the interruption of the portal veins between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis. Typical features of this syndrome are tertiary hypothyroidism with low thyroid stimulating hormone, hyperprolactinemia and other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is characterized by a triad of thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, aplasia or hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary and absent or ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP) seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

An unusual presentation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare steroid-responsive encephalopathy syndrome, which can have highly variable neuropsychiatric manifestations and can go unrecognized for a long time. HE is a diagnosis of exclusion and should be kept in mind when evaluating a patient with a cognitive dysfunction and high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies as it responds dramatically to steroids. Steroid responsive myoclonus can be a presentation of HE.

Correlation between liver fat content with dyslipidemia and Insulin resistance.

Total 33 obese patients were studied to determine correlation in between liver fat content with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Liver and spleen attenuation measurements were taken with three regions of interests (ROIs) from the liver and two ROIs from the spleen. Hepatic attenuation indices were measured as follows: (1) Hepatic parenchymal attenuation (CTLP); (2) liver to spleen attenuation ratio (LSratio); and (3) difference between hepatic and splenic attenuation (LSdif).

Association of serum lipids with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.

A total number of 140 type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) were enrolled in the study from diabetic clinic during May 2011 till June 2012 to determine correlation between severity of DR with serum lipid and other modifiable risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Information including age, sex, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure was collected from each patient. Fasting plasma sugar, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride level (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), creatinine, and 24 h urinary albumin excretion was done for each patient.

Re-emergence of a rare syndrome: A case of mauriac syndrome.

Mauriac syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children presenting with growth retardation, hepatomegaly, and cushingoid features. Recently, there has been re-emergence of this syndrome, especially with the use of premix insulin. A 15-year old type 1 diabetic boy, who was on premix insulin with erratic blood glucose, was referred to us for evaluation of short stature.

Skeletal manifestations of juvenile hypothyroidism and the impact of treatment on skeletal system.

Thyroid hormone mediates growth and development of the skeleton through its direct effects and through its permissive effects on growth hormone. The effect of hypothyroidism on bone is well described in congenital hypothyroidism, but the impact of thyroid hormone deficiency on a growing skeleton, as it happens with juvenile hypothyroidism, is less defined. In addition, the extent to which the skeletal defects of juvenile hypothyroidism revert on the replacement of thyroid hormone is not known.

Pulse dexamethasone therapy versus pulse methylprednisolone therapy for treatment of Graves's ophthalmopathy.

Pulse methylprednisolone therapy is the recommended therapy for moderate to severe and active ophthalmopathy, but high dose pulse methylprednisolone therapy is marred by the chances of fulminant hepatic failure and the high cost of therapy. Dexamethasone pulse therapy can be considered as an alternative to pulse methylprednisolone therapy. A prospective randomized control trial was carried out in 21 patients comparing pulse dexamethasone therapy versus pulse methyprednisolone therapy in Graves's ophthalmopathy.