Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Pathology & Medicine: Generative & Non-Generative AI Basics.

This manuscript serves as an introduction to a comprehensive seven-part review article series on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) and their current and future influence within pathology and medicine. This introductory review provides a comprehensive grasp of this fast-expanding realm and its potential to transform medical diagnosis, workflow, research, and education. Fundamental terminology employed in AI-ML is covered using an extensive dictionary.

Non-Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medicine: Advancements and Applications in Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within pathology and healthcare has advanced extensively. We have accordingly witnessed increased adoption of various AI tools which are transforming our approach to clinical decision support, personalized medicine, predictive analytics, automation, and discovery. The familiar and more reliable AI tools that have been incorporated within healthcare thus far fall mostly under the non-generative AI domain, which includes supervised and unsupervised machine learning (ML) techniques.

Validating, Implementing, and Monitoring Machine Learning Solutions in the Clinical Laboratory Safely and Effectively.

Background: Machine learning solutions offer tremendous promise for improving clinical and laboratory operations in pathology. Proof-of-concept descriptions of these approaches have become commonplace in laboratory medicine literature, but only a scant few of these have been implemented within clinical laboratories, owing to the often substantial barriers in validating, implementing, and monitoring these applications in practice. This mini-review aims to highlight the key considerations in each of these steps.

External quality assessment performance in ten countries: an IFCC global laboratory quality project.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity of external quality assessment (EQA) laboratory results across various cultural and environmental contexts and to identify potential improvement areas.

Methods: The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Task Force on Global Laboratory Quality (TF-GLQ) conducted a 2-year study (2022 and 2023) in which EQA materials, related software and online training was provided by a commercial vendor to 100 laboratories in ten IFCC member society countries. The results were analysed on a monthly basis by the TF-GLQ, to show the number of submissions per country, tests per lab, acceptability rates, random failures and to get a measure of which analytes performed poorly.

A Cross-Sectional Study of COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Black Communities in the Greater Toronto Area.

Introduction And Background: COVID-19 preventative practices such as hand washing, social distancing, and mask wearing have been identified as ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, social determinants can play a role in the ability of individuals and groups to adhere to recommended COVID-19 preventative practices. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to explore the COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs), and information sources used in the adult Black population within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).

Global genomics of unveils widespread and novel infectious viruses capable of triggering a small RNA response.

The mosquito is a prominent vector for arboviruses, but the breadth of mosquito viruses that infects this specie is not fully understood. In the broadest global survey to date of over 200 small RNA samples, we detected viral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs) arising from mosquito viruses. We confirmed that most academic laboratory colonies of lack persisting viruses, yet two commercial strains were infected by a novel tombus-like virus.

Comparison of quantitative and qualitative anti-dsDNA assays.

Objective: In evaluation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) play a significant role in diagnosis, monitoring SLE activity, and assessing prognosis. However, evaluations of the performance and limitations for recently developed methods for anti-dsDNA assessment are sparse.

Methods: Specimens used for antinuclear antibody testing (n = 129) were evaluated for anti-dsDNA assay comparability across 4 medical centers in the United States.

Isolated IgG4 related disease of the trachea.

IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease and can affect several organs including salivary glands, orbits, lungs, pancreas, kidneys and lymph nodes. Up to 40 % of patients have allergic manifestations including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, eczema and asthma. Commonly pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary nodules ranging from <1 to 5 cm in diameter, interstitial opacities and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Copeptin Stimulation by Combined Intravenous Arginine and Oral LevoDopa/Carbidopa in Healthy Short Children and Children with the Polyuria-Polydipsia Syndrome.

Introduction: Stimulated copeptin may provide an alternative to water deprivation testing (WDT) in the evaluation of polyuria-polydipsia syndrome (PPS). Though best studied, arginine stimulation alone produces a modest copeptin response in children. We investigated the effectiveness of the arginine + LevoDopa/Carbidopa stimulation test (ALD-ST) for copeptin.

Clinical Significance of Uncommon, Non-Clinical, and Novel Autoantibodies.

Autoantibodies are a common mark of autoimmune reaction and their identification in the patients' serum, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissues is generally believed to represent diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of autoimmune diseases or autoinflammatory conditions. Traditionally, autoantibody testing is an important part of the clinical examination of suspected patients, and in the absence of reliable T cell tests, characterization of autoantibody responses might be suitable in finding causes of specific autoimmune responses, their strength, and sometimes commencement of autoimmune disease. Autoantibodies are also useful for prognostic stratification in clinically diverse groups of patients if checked repeatedly.

Schwann cells in the normal and pathological lung microenvironment.

The lungs are a key organ in the respiratory system. They are regulated by a complex network of nerves that control their development, structure, function, and response to various pathological stimuli. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of a neural mechanism in different pathophysiological conditions in the lungs and the development and progression of common respiratory diseases.

Measuring insecticide resistance in a vacuum: exploring next steps to link resistance data with mosquito control efficacy.

Insecticide resistance is a great challenge facing mosquito operational control agencies across the United States, where few active ingredients with unique modes of action are available for use, increasing resistance pressure and further hampering resistance management strategies. Emergence and expansion of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes can be detected by resistance monitoring programs; however, there are gaps in our knowledge regarding the link between resistance bioassay results and operational control outcomes. Here, we review both public health and agricultural studies on pesticide resistance bioassays and control outcomes.

Is there public desire for a federal takeover of water resource management in Australia?

Multi-jurisdictional water governance issues remain an ongoing challenge in transboundary and other water resource areas. Achieving coordinated and effective governance at the local, state, federal and international levels remains critical for good water governance. Under Australia's 1901 Constitution, states have the power to allocate water resources.

UNCREWED AERIAL SPRAY SYSTEMS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL: EFFICACY STUDIES FOR SPACE SPRAYS.

Achieving an appropriate droplet size distribution for adulticiding has proved problematic for unmanned aerial spray systems (UASSs). The high-pressure pumping systems utilized on crewed aircraft conflict with the weight constraints of UASSs. The alternative is a lightweight rotary atomizer, which when run at a maximum rpm with a minimal flow rate can achieve the appropriate droplet size distribution.

Incidence and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in US Child Care Centers After COVID-19 Vaccines.

Importance: SARS-CoV-2 surveillance studies in US child care centers (CCCs) in the post-COVID-19 vaccine era are needed to provide information on incidence and transmission in this setting.

Objective: To characterize SARS-CoV-2 incidence and transmission in children attending CCCs (students) and their child care providers (CCPs) and household contacts.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This prospective surveillance cohort study was conducted from April 22, 2021, through March 31, 2022, and included 11 CCCs in 2 cities.

Abnormal Microglial Density and Morphology in the Brain of Cyclooxygenase 2 Knockin Mice.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a signaling molecule produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that is important in healthy brain development. Anomalies in the COX-2/PGE2 pathway due to genetic or environmental factors have been linked to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Our previous studies showed that COX-2 deficient (COX-2KI) mice exhibit sex-dependent molecular changes in the brain and associated autism-related behaviors.