Microglial morphology aligns with vigilance stage-specific neuronal oscillations in a brain region-dependent manner.

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, dynamically adapt their morphology based on their functional state. This study explored the relationship between microglial morphology and sleep-wake cycles in mice. Using Iba1 immunostaining to identify microglia, we quantified morphological changes in microglia at different timepoints in multiple brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum) in B6 male mice using semi-automated 3D structural analysis.

Alterations in microglial morphology concentrate in the habitual sleeping period of the mouse.

In nocturnal animals, waking appears during the dark period while maximal non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) with electroencephalographic slow-wave-activity (SWA) takes place at the beginning of the light period. Vigilance states associate with variable levels of neuronal activity: waking with high-frequency activity patterns while during NREMS, SWA influences neuronal activity in many brain areas. On a glial level, sleep deprivation modifies microglial morphology, but only few studies have investigated microglia through the physiological sleep-wake cycle.

An Unusual Cause of Sudden Bilateral Lower Extremity Weakness.

Acute bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture is a musculoskeletal injury that requires urgent orthopedic surgical evaluation. Bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture is exceptionally rare, yet a missed diagnosis can result in long-term disability for the patient. This article presents a patient's case including the history, physical examination, key imaging findings, and management.

Acute Headache in the Emergency Department: Is Lumbar Puncture Still Necessary to Rule Out Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?

The purpose of the Research to Practice column is to review current primary journal articles that directly affect the practice of the advanced practice nurse (APN) in the emergency department. This review examines the findings of Carpenter et al. (2016) from their article, "Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Describing the Diagnostic Accuracy of History, Physical Exam, Imaging, and Lumbar Puncture With an Exploration of Test Thresholds.

Uromodulin is expressed in renal primary cilia and UMOD mutations result in decreased ciliary uromodulin expression.

Uromodulin (UMOD) mutations are responsible for three autosomal dominant tubulo-interstitial nephropathies including medullary cystic kidney disease type 2 (MCKD2), familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy and glomerulocystic kidney disease. Symptoms include renal salt wasting, hyperuricemia, gout, hypertension and end-stage renal disease. MCKD is part of the 'nephronophthisis-MCKD complex', a group of cystic kidney diseases.