Protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial of the 'Outdoor' mobility intervention for older adults after hip fracture.

Background: A high proportion of patients do not regain outdoor mobility after hip fracture. Rehabilitation explicitly targeting outdoor mobility is needed to enable these older adults to recover activities which they value most. The overarching aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial which aims to assess the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of an intervention designed to enable recovery of outdoor mobility among older adults after hip fracture (the OUTDOOR intervention).

Methods for Biophysical Characterization of SznF, a Member of the Heme-Oxygenase-Like Diiron Oxidase/Oxygenase Superfamily.

Nonheme diiron enzymes harness the chemical potential of oxygen to catalyze challenging reactions in biology. In their resting state, these enzymes have a diferrous cofactor that is coordinated by histidine and carboxylate ligands. Upon exposure to oxygen, the cofactor oxidizes to its diferric state forming a peroxo- adduct, capable of catalyzing a wide range of oxidative chemistries such as desaturation and heteroatom oxidation.

Enhancing point-of-care testing through standardized training and redeployment of pharmacy technicians in the community setting.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of a standardized training model for technician-supported point-of-care testing (POCT) on the number of health screenings performed across two states in a large community chain pharmacy. Secondary objectives included the assessment of pharmacist and technician perceptions of advanced roles of the pharmacy technician in POCT service delivery.

Practice Description: Certified pharmacy technicians (CPhTs) across six regional divisions of a large community chain pharmacy in Tennessee and Ohio participated in a standardized training program prior to implementation of technician-supported POCT.

Structure and assembly of the diiron cofactor in the heme-oxygenase-like domain of the -nitrosourea-producing enzyme SznF.

In biosynthesis of the pancreatic cancer drug streptozotocin, the tridomain nonheme-iron oxygenase SznF hydroxylates and ' of -methyl-l-arginine before oxidatively rearranging the triply modified guanidine to the -methyl--nitrosourea pharmacophore. A previously published structure visualized the monoiron cofactor in the enzyme's C-terminal cupin domain, which promotes the final rearrangement, but exhibited disorder and minimal metal occupancy in the site of the proposed diiron cofactor in the hydroxylating heme-oxygenase-like (HO-like) central domain. We leveraged our recent observation that the -oxygenating µ-peroxodiiron(III/III) intermediate can form in the HO-like domain after the apo protein self-assembles its diiron(II/II) cofactor to solve structures of SznF with both of its iron cofactors bound.

Where innovations flourish: an ethnographic and archaeological overview of hunter-gatherer learning contexts.

Research in developmental psychology suggests that children are poor tool innovators. However, such research often overlooks the ways in which children's social and physical environments may lead to cross-cultural variation in their opportunities and proclivity to innovate. In this paper, we examine contemporary hunter-gatherer child and adolescent contributions to tool innovation.

Capuchin and rhesus monkeys but not humans show cognitive flexibility in an optional-switch task.

Learned rules help us accurately solve many problems, but by blindly following a strategy, we sometimes fail to find more efficient alternatives. Previous research found that humans are more susceptible to this "cognitive set" bias than other primates in a nonverbal computer task. We modified the task to test one hypothesis for this difference, that working memory influences the advantage of taking a shortcut.

Optional-switch cognitive flexibility in primates: Chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) intermediate susceptibility to cognitive set.

Within human problem-solving, the propensity to use a familiar approach, rather than switch to a more efficient alternative is pervasive. This susceptibility to "cognitive set" prevents optimization by biasing response patterns toward known solutions. In a recent study, which used a nonverbal touch screen task, baboons exhibited a striking ability to deviate from their learned strategy to use a more efficient shortcut.

Changes in Frontoparietotemporal Connectivity following Do-As-I-Do Imitation Training in Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes).

Human imitation is supported by an underlying "mirror system" principally composed of inferior frontal, inferior parietal, and superior temporal cortical regions. Across primate species, differences in frontoparietotemporal connectivity have been hypothesized to explain phylogenetic variation in imitative abilities. However, if and to what extent these regions are involved in imitation in nonhuman primates is unknown.

Genetic Factors and Orofacial Motor Learning Selectively Influence Variability in Central Sulcus Morphology in Chimpanzees ().

Captive chimpanzees () have been shown to learn the use of novel attention-getting (AG) sounds to capture the attention of humans as a means of requesting or drawing their attention to a desired object or food. There are significant individual differences in the use of AG sounds by chimpanzees and, here, we examined whether changes in cortical organization of the central sulcus (CS) were associated with AG sound production. MRI scans were collected from 240 chimpanzees, including 122 that reliably produced AG sounds and 118 that did not.

Motor skill for tool-use is associated with asymmetries in Broca's area and the motor hand area of the precentral gyrus in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Among nonhuman primates, chimpanzees are well known for their sophistication and diversity of tool use in both captivity and the wild. The evolution of tool manufacture and use has been proposed as a driving mechanism for the development of increasing brain size, complex cognition and motor skills, as well as the population-level handedness observed in modern humans. Notwithstanding, our understanding of the neurological correlates of tool use in chimpanzees and other primates remains poorly understood.

Behavioral and brain asymmetries in primates: a preliminary evaluation of two evolutionary hypotheses.

Contrary to many historical views, recent evidence suggests that species-level behavioral and brain asymmetries are evident in nonhuman species. Here, we briefly present evidence of behavioral, perceptual, cognitive, functional, and neuroanatomical asymmetries in nonhuman primates. In addition, we describe two historical accounts of the evolutionary origins of hemispheric specialization and present data from nonhuman primates that address these specific theories.

Multimodal communication in chimpanzees.

A fundamental characteristic of human language is multimodality. In other words, humans use multiple signaling channels concurrently when communicating with one another. For example, people frequently produce manual gestures while speaking, and the words a person perceives are impacted by visual information.

Baboons (Papio papio), but not humans, break cognitive set in a visuomotor task.

Cognitive set can be both helpful and harmful in problem solving. A large set of similar problems may be solved mechanically by applying a single-solution method. However, efficiency might be sacrificed if a better solution exists and is overlooked.

The association between imitation recognition and socio-communicative competencies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Imitation recognition provides a viable platform from which advanced social cognitive skills may develop. Despite evidence that non-human primates are capable of imitation recognition, how this ability is related to social cognitive skills is unknown. In this study, we compared imitation recognition performance, as indicated by the production of testing behaviors, with performance on a series of tasks that assess social and physical cognition in 49 chimpanzees.

Ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for treatment of advanced breast cancer refractory to previous chemotherapies.

Purpose: To describe the considerations leading to marketing approval of ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for the treatment of advanced breast cancer that is refractory to other chemotherapies.

Experimental Design: Data from one randomized multicenter trial comparing combination therapy with ixabepilone and capecitabine to capecitabine alone were analyzed for support of the combination therapy indication. For monotherapy, a single-arm trial of ixabepilone was analyzed.

Sprycel for chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant to or intolerant of imatinib mesylate.

Purpose: On June 28, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved dasatinib (Sprycel; Bristol-Myers Squibb), a new small-molecule inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, for the treatment of adults with chronic phase, accelerated phase, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL) with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy including imatinib.

Vorinostat for treatment of cutaneous manifestations of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Purpose: To discuss vorinostat approval for treatment of cutaneous manifestations of advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Experimental Design: Data from 1 single-arm, open-label, multicenter pivotal trial and 11 other trials submitted to support the new drug application for vorinostat in the treatment of advanced primary CTCL were reviewed. The pivotal trial assessed responses by changes in overall skin disease score using a severity-weighted assessment tool (SWAT).