HIV diversity and drug resistance from plasma and non-plasma analytes in a large treatment programme in western Kenya.

Introduction: Antiretroviral resistance leads to treatment failure and resistance transmission. Resistance data in western Kenya are limited. Collection of non-plasma analytes may provide additional resistance information.

Misclassification of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure based on immunological monitoring of HIV infection in resource-limited settings.

Background: The monitoring of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who are treated with antiretroviral medications in resource-limited settings is typically performed by use of clinical and immunological criteria. The early identification of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure is critical to prevent morbidity, mortality, and drug resistance. Misclassification of failure may result in premature switching to second-line therapy.