Ileo-Colonic Fistula Due to Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma: Unusual Presentation of a Rare Disease.

Malignant ileocolonic fistulas have seldom been documented as complications of a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGIL) such as aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). These fistulas are frequently misdiagnosed due to the nonspecific clinical presentation. Currently, there is no standardized treatment approach, although a couple have been suggested with varying outcomes.

[Indirect bonding technics].

The indirect bonding technique is pivotal for success in lingual orthodontics. There are different laboratory techniques available for indirect positioning and bonding of lingual brackets. Different approaches are presented and described to perform a clinical application.

[Specific bonding technics].

Bonding is a major component of our therapeutic arsenal. We routinely bond attachments to enamel as well as to other surfaces including dentin, ceramic, acrylic, steel, amalgam, and gold, especially for adult patients. This procedure poses certain technical problems for which adapted and specific technical protocols can provide solutions.

[Enamel micro-abrasion].

Enamel conditioning (elimination of dental plaque and creation of an irregular surface) is an essential step before bonding of orthodontic brackets. The most popular procedure in our practice is bonding with resin which requires enamel etching in order to get enough shear bond strength. Many studies have tried to evaluate the effects of enamel bonding using the acid-etching procedure as well as the changes caused by detachment of brackets.

[Methods of bonding to the enamel in orthodontics].

Mastery of the bonding stage of treatment is clearly a critical step in the clinical practice of orthodontics. There is such a wide variety of products available in orthodontics that a reasoned assessment of bonding systems is a practical necessity. Composite plastics, associated with hydrophobic or hydro-compatible adhesive systems, and the CVIMAR represent the two principal types of bonding agents used in dentistry.