An Estimation of Lameness in Sable Island Horses Using Radiographic Evaluation of the Distal Phalanx and Hoof Capsule.

Laminitis is a painful condition that causes lameness in horses. However, monitoring this condition in feral horses is logistically difficult. Laminitis can be detected postmortem, as inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the hoof changes the relative location of the bony structures within the hoof capsule.

Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the equine atlanto-occipital joint.

Objective: To develop arthroscopic approaches to the atlanto-occipital (A-O) and describe associated arthroscopic anatomy.

Study Design: Experimental ex vivo study and clinical case report.

Animals: Ten equine cadaver joints and 1 clinical case.

Multiple intravenous injections of allogeneic equine mesenchymal stem cells do not induce a systemic inflammatory response but do alter lymphocyte subsets in healthy horses.

Introduction: Intravenous (IV) injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is used to treat systemic human diseases and disorders but is not routinely used in equine therapy. In horses, MSCs are isolated primarily from adipose tissue (AT) or bone marrow (BM) and used for treatment of orthopedic injuries through one or more local injections. The objective of this study was to determine the safety and lymphocyte response to multiple allogeneic IV injections of either AT-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) or BM-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to healthy horses.

Use of digital abdominal radiography for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in equids: 238 cases (2008-2011).

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of direct digital abdominal radiography for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in equids and to assess the effect of the number and anatomic location of enteroliths and gas distention of the gastrointestinal tract on diagnostic sensitivity of the technique.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Sample Population: 238 horses and ponies ≥ 1 year old that underwent digital abdominal radiography with subsequent exploratory celiotomy or postmortem examination.

Gross, histologic, and micro-computed tomographic anatomy of the lacrimal system of snakes.

Objective: To describe the lacrimal system of snakes using contrast micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with 3-dimensional reconstruction, fluorescein passage ('Jones') testing, histology, and gross dissection.

Animals Studied: One royal python and 19 snake cadavers representing 10 species.

Procedures: Direct observation following injection of fluorescein into the subspectacular space, micro-CT following injection of three contrast agents into the subspectacular space, gross dissection following injection of latex into the subspectacular space, and histopathology.

Extraoral surgical correction of lingual entrapment in a Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides).

An adult female Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) presented with a ventral displacement of the hyoid apparatus, associated with distension of the intermandibular sublingual space and of the gular skin, causing difficulties with prehension and deglutition of food and water. Physical examination revealed that the tongue was able to move normally and could be replaced into a normal anatomical position by external compression of the distended ventral intermandibular region. A mild hypoalbuminemia was the only remarkable finding of the biochemistry panel.

Prevalence of abnormal radiographic findings in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds at in-training sales and associations with racing performance.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of radiographic abnormalities (lesions) in Thoroughbred racehorses at 2-year-old in-training sales and determine whether these lesions and 1-furlong presale workout times were associated with subsequent racing performance.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Animals: 953 Thoroughbreds.

Computed tomographic arthrography of the intercarpal ligaments of the equine carpus.

Injuries of the intercarpal ligaments are an important cause of lameness in performance horses. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to determine whether computed tomography (CT) arthrography would be a feasible method for visualizing and characterizing intercarpal ligaments in the horse. One cadaver limb from each of eight nonlame horses was collected immediately after euthanasia.

Comparison of the use of scapular ultrasonography, physical examination, and measurement of serum biomarkers of bone turnover versus scintigraphy for detection of bone fragility syndrome in horses.

Objective: To define scintigraphic, physical examination, and scapular ultrasonographic findings consistent with bone fragility syndrome (BFS) in horses; develop indices of BFS severity; and assess accuracy of physical examination, scapular ultrasonography, and serum biomarkers for BFS diagnosis.

Design: Prospective case-control study.

Animals: 48 horses (20 horses with BFS and 28 control horses).

Advances in equine computed tomography and use of contrast media.

Advances in equine computed tomography have been made as a result of improvements in software and hardware and an increasing body of knowledge. Contrast media can be administered intravascularly or intrathecally. Contrast media is useful to differentiate between tissues of similar density.

Results of computed tomography in horses with ethmoid hematoma: 16 cases (1993-2005).

Objective: To determine whether CT provides unique information about the treatment or prognosis for horses with ethmoid hematoma (EH).

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: 16 horses with EH.

Use of zoledronate for treatment of a bone fragility disorder in horses.

Objective: To assess clinical outcomes and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder (BFD) treated with zoledronate (a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate).

Design: Prospective uncontrolled clinical trial.

Animals: 10 horses with evidence of a BFD.

Abdominal computed radiography for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses: 142 cases (2003?2007).

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal computed radiography (CR) for the diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses and to examine how these parameters are affected by the number and anatomic location of enteroliths and by gas distension of the gastrointestinal tract.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: Horses ? 1 year old that underwent abdominal CR and subsequent exploratory laparotomy or postmortem examination.

Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine stifle joint.

Objective: To provide a detailed computed tomography (CT) reference of the anatomically normal equine stifle joint. Sample-16 hind limbs from 8 equine cadavers; no horses had evidence of orthopedic disease of the stifle joints.

Procedures: CT of the stifle joint was performed on 8 hind limbs.

Reaction to intraarterial ionic iodinated contrast medium administration in anesthetized horses.

The purpose of this report was to evaluate the frequency and type of reactions to intraarterial iodinated contrast medium injection in horses. Ninety-seven received an intraarterial injection of ionic, iodinated contrast medium for computed tomographic assessment of the distal limb. Nine (9.

Radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of nonneoplastic equine mandibular disease.

We compared the information gained from computed tomography (CT) vs. radiography in horses with nonneoplastic disease of the mandible. We hypothesized that CT would provide additional diagnostic information.

Imaging diagnosis--Arterial and venous thromboses of the proximal limb in two thoroughbred racehorses.

Thromboses of the cranial tibial vein (Horse 1) and brachial, median, and cranial circumflex humeral arteries (Horse 2) were identified as causes of unilateral lameness in two Thoroughbred racehorses. Nuclear scintigraphy was performed for suspicion of long bone stress fractures but instead allowed identification of unusual areas of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake within soft tissues of the affected limbs. Ultrasonography of these regions allowed identification of occlusive thrombi within a 25 cm length of the cranial tibial vein (Horse 1) and variable lengths of affected arteries in Horse 2.

Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography to assess angiogenesis in deep digital flexor tendonopathy in a horse.

We compared contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and high field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a horse with deep digital flexor tendonopathy. Lesions in the distal extremity were documented grossly and histopathologically. In contrast-enhanced CT, the deep digital flexor tendon lesions were markedly contrast enhancing with evidence of angiogenesis in the core and dorsal border lesions.

The computed tomographic appearance of equine temporohyoid osteoarthropathy.

Equine temporohyoid osteoarthropathy is characterized by progressive osseous proliferation of the temporohyoid articulation and surrounding structures. The diagnosis has generally been made using radiography and endoscopy of the guttural pouch. Recently, computed tomography (CT) has been used in the diagnosis of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy.

Evaluation of continuous infusion of lidocaine on gastrointestinal tract function in normal horses.

Objective: To determine the effect of continuous infusion of lidocaine on fecal transit time in normal horses.

Study Design: Experimental randomized cross-over study.

Animals: Healthy horses (n=6).

Effect of positioning, scan plane, and arthrography on visibility of periarticular canine shoulder soft tissue structures on magnetic resonance images.

This study was performed to determine the effect of shoulder extension and flexion, imaging plane, and intraarticular paramagnetic contrast medium administration on the visibility of soft tissue structures surrounding the canine shoulder joint using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Eight dogs without shoulder disease were imaged using a 1.5 T MR scanner.

Hemodynamic and serum biochemical alterations associated with intravenous administration of three types of contrast media in anesthetized cats.

Objective: To determine the incidence and type of alterations in heart rate (HR), peak systolic blood pressure (PSBP), and serum biochemical variables (serum total bilirubin, BUN, and creatinine concentrations) associated with IV administration of ionic-iodinated contrast (IIC), nonionic-iodinated contrast (NIC), and gadolinium (GD) contrast media in anesthetized cats.

Animals: 220 anesthetized cats undergoing cross-sectional imaging.

Procedures: HR and PSBP were recorded at 5-minute intervals for 20 minutes for untreated control cats and cats that received IIC, NIC, or GD contrast medium.

Hemodynamic and serum biochemical alterations associated with intravenous administration of three types of contrast media in anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To determine the incidence and type of alterations in heart rate (HR), peak systolic blood pressure (PSBP), and serum biochemical variables (total bilirubin, BUN, and creatinine concentrations) associated with IV administration of ionic-iodinated contrast (IIC), nonionic-iodinated contrast (NIC), and gadolinium dimeglumine (GD) contrast media in anesthetized dogs.

Animals: 280 anesthetized dogs undergoing cross-sectional imaging.

Procedures: HR and PSBP were recorded at 5-minute intervals for 20 minutes for untreated control dogs and dogs that received IIC, NIC, or GD contrast medium.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle.

The aim of this study was to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the iliopsoas muscle and related landmarks. Hind limbs of five dog cadavers with no history of lameness were evaluated. The origin and mid-body of the psoas major and the common insertion of the iliacus and psoas major on the lesser trochanter of the femur were identified and evaluated.