Similarities of metabolomic disturbances in prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Prematurity-associated lung disease (PLD) is a long-term consequence of preterm-birth. Since the underlying mechanisms of PLD remain poorly characterised, we compared the urinary metabolome between recently described spirometry phenotypes of PLD. Preterm- and term-born children aged 7-12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) cohort, underwent spirometry and urine collection.

Impact of ambient air pollution on lung function in preterm-born school-aged children.

Rationale: Increased outdoor air pollution worsens lung function in children. However, these associations are less well studied in preterm-born individuals.

Objectives: We assessed associations between ambient air pollutants and spirometry measures in preterm-born children.

Evidence of abnormality in glutathione metabolism in the airways of preterm born children with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Preterm-born children are at risk of long-term pulmonary deficits, including those who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infancy, however the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We characterised the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) metabolome from preterm-born children, both with and without BPD. Following spirometry, EBC from children aged 7-12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates study, were analysed using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Association of early and current life factors with telomere length in preterm-born children.

Background: Telomeres shorten after each cell division. Since preterm-born babies are delivered early and often suffer from inflammatory conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), their telomere length may be altered.

Objectives: We assessed associations of early and current life factors with telomere length in saliva samples obtained from 7-12-year-old children born at ≤34 weeks' gestation and term-born controls.

Measuring the impact of deprivation on learning difficulties and behaviour among infants born preterm: A cohort study.

Background: Preterm birth and social deprivation are known risk factors for learning difficulties. However there has been little work looking into the interaction between these two risks. We aimed to identify if children born preterm to families with higher levels of social deprivation are disproportionately more likely to have learning difficulties than those with lower levels of social deprivation.

Characterizing the urinary proteome of prematurity-associated lung disease in school-aged children.

Introduction: Although different phenotypes of lung disease after preterm birth have recently been described, the underlying mechanisms associated with each phenotype are poorly understood. We, therefore, compared the urinary proteome for different spirometry phenotypes in preterm-born children with preterm- and term-born controls.

Methods: Preterm and term-born children aged 7-12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) cohort, underwent spirometry and urine collection.

Increasing airway obstruction through life following bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis.

Background: Few studies exist investigating lung function trajectories of those born preterm; however growing evidence suggests some individuals experience increasing airway obstruction throughout life. Here we use the studies identified in a recent systematic review to provide the first meta-analysis investigating the impact of preterm birth on airway obstruction measured by the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio.

Methods: Cohorts were included for analysis if they reported FEV/FVC in survivors of preterm birth (<37 weeks' gestation) and control populations born at term.

Modulation of pulmonary desmosomes by inhaler therapy in preterm-born children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Despite evidence demonstrating persistent lung function deficits in preterm-born children, especially in those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infancy, the underlying biological mechanisms explaining these lung function deficits remain poorly understood. We characterised the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) proteome in preterm-born children, with and without BPD; and before and after inhaler treatment. EBC from children aged 7-12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) study, were analysed by Nano-LC Mass Spectrometry with Tandem Mass Tag labelling.

Early childhood parent-reported speech problems in small and large for gestational age term-born and preterm-born infants: a cohort study.

Objective: (1) To assess if preterm and term small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) infants have more parent-reported speech problems in early childhood compared with infants with birth weights appropriate for gestational age (AGA). (2) To assess if preterm and term SGA and LGA infants have more parent-reported learning, behavioural, hearing, movement and hand problems in early childhood compared with AGA infants.

Design: Cohort study.

Immune and metabolic markers for identifying and investigating severe Coronavirus disease and Sepsis in children and young people (pSeP/COVID ChYP study): protocol for a prospective cohort study.

Introduction: Early recognition and appropriate management of paediatric sepsis are known to improve outcomes. A previous system's biology investigation of the systemic immune response in neonates to sepsis identified immune and metabolic markers that showed high accuracy for detecting bacterial infection. Further gene expression markers have also been reported previously in the paediatric age group for discriminating sepsis from control cases.

Characterising airway obstructive, dysanaptic and PRISm phenotypes of prematurity-associated lung disease.

Introduction: Although obstructive airway disease has been shown to be associated with prematurity, other spirometry phenotypes are less well described.

Objectives: We characterised abnormal spirometry phenotypes in preterm-born children, including prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease (POLD, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV)
Methods: 768 children, aged 7-12 years, underwent FE measurements and spirometry before and after salbutamol.

Association of Gestation and Fetal Growth Restriction on Cardiovascular Health in Preterm-Born Children.

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the associations of early and current life factors, including gestational age and fetal growth restriction in preterm-born subjects, on cardiovascular health including measures of central and peripheral blood pressure and arterial stiffness and assess cardiovascular changes before and after acute exercise in preterm- and term-born school-aged children.

Study Design: From 240 children, aged 7-12 years, 204 (141 preterm-born and 63 term-born) had satisfactory data. An oscillometric device recorded cardiovascular measures before and after cycle ergometer exercise testing.

Follow-up study of infants recruited to the randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity in preterm infants-study protocol for the AZTEC-FU study.

Background: Preterm birth, especially at less than 30 weeks' gestation, is significantly associated with respiratory, neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities. The AZTEC study has recruited 799 infants born at < 30 weeks' gestation to determine if a ten-day intravenous treatment with azithromycin improves survival without development of chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) at 36 weeks' post menstrual age (PMA) when compared to placebo. The follow-up studies will compare respiratory, neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes up to 2 years of corrected age between infants who received azithromycin and those who received placebo in the early neonatal period.

Geographical Differences and Temporal Improvements in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second of Preterm-Born Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Although preterm birth is associated with later deficits in lung function, there is a paucity of information on geographical differences and whether improvements occur over time, especially after surfactant was introduced.

Objective: To determine deficits in percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (%FEV1) in preterm-born study participants, including those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infancy, when compared with term-born control groups.

Data Sources: Eight databases searched up to December 2021.

Association of early-life factors with prematurity-associated lung disease: prospective cohort study.

Background: Although bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with lung function deficits in childhood, many who develop BPD have normal lung function in childhood and many without BPD, including those born at 33-34 weeks of gestation, have lung dysfunction in childhood. Since the predictability of BPD for future lung deficits is increasingly doubted, we prospectively recruited preterm-born children to identify early-life factors associated with lung function deficits after preterm birth.

Methods: From 767 children aged 7-12 years who had their respiratory symptoms assessed, and had spirometry before and after a bronchodilator in our Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) study, 739 (544 preterm-born at ≤34 weeks of gestation and 195 term-born) had satisfactory lung function.

Efficacy and safety of high flow nasal oxygen for children with bronchiolitis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: To assess the published evidence to establish the efficacy and safety of high flow oxygen cannula (HFNC) as respiratory support for children up to 24 months of age with bronchiolitis within acute hospital settings.

Methods: We searched eight databases up to March 2021. Studies including children up to 24 months of age with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis recruited to an randomised controlled trial were considered in the full meta-analysis.

Comparison of stillbirth trends over two decades in Wales, United Kingdom and Western Australia: An international retrospective cohort study.

Background: Stillbirth is a critical public health issue worldwide. While the rates in high-income countries are relatively low, there are persistent between-country disparities.

Objectives: To compare stillbirth rates and trends in Wales and the State of Western Australia (WA), Australia, and provide insights into any differences.

Common maternal and fetal genetic variants show expected polygenic effects on risk of small- or large-for-gestational-age (SGA or LGA), except in the smallest 3% of babies.

Babies born clinically Small- or Large-for-Gestational-Age (SGA or LGA; sex- and gestational age-adjusted birth weight (BW) <10th or >90th percentile, respectively), are at higher risks of complications. SGA and LGA include babies who have experienced environment-related growth-restriction or overgrowth, respectively, and babies who are heritably small or large. However, the relative proportions within each group are unclear.

Differential association of air pollution exposure with neonatal and postneonatal mortality in England and Wales: A cohort study.

Background: Many but not all studies suggest an association between air pollution exposure and infant mortality. We sought to investigate whether pollution exposure is differentially associated with all-cause neonatal or postneonatal mortality, or specific causes of infant mortality.

Methods And Findings: We separately investigated the associations of exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) with all-cause infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality, and with specific causes of infant deaths in 7,984,366 live births between 2001 and 2012 in England and Wales.

The effect of catch-up growth in the first year of life on later wheezing phenotypes.

https://bit.ly/2YPxtBw