Surface architecture of endospores of the Bacillus cereus/anthracis/thuringiensis family at the subnanometer scale.

Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus family form highly resistant spores, which in the case of the pathogen B. anthracis act as the agents of infection. The outermost layer, the exosporium, enveloping spores of the B.

Structure of the exosporium and sublayers of spores of the Bacillus cereus family revealed by electron crystallography.

We report on the first step in mapping out the spatial location of structural proteins within the exosporium, namely a description of its three-dimensional architecture. Using electron microscopy and image analysis, we have characterized crystalline fragments from the exosporium of Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis and B.

ExsY and CotY are required for the correct assembly of the exosporium and spore coat of Bacillus cereus.

The exosporium-defective phenotype of a transposon insertion mutant of Bacillus cereus implicated ExsY, a homologue of B. subtilis cysteine-rich spore coat proteins CotY and CotZ, in assembly of an intact exosporium. Single and double mutants of B.

The ExsA protein of Bacillus cereus is required for assembly of coat and exosporium onto the spore surface.

The outermost layer of spores of the Bacillus cereus family is a loose structure known as the exosporium. Spores of a library of Tn917-LTV1 transposon insertion mutants of B. cereus ATCC 10876 were partitioned into hexadecane; a less hydrophobic mutant that was isolated contained an insertion in the exsA promoter region.

Genes of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis encoding proteins of the exosporium.

The exosporium is the outermost layer of spores of Bacillus cereus and its close relatives Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis. For these pathogens, it represents the surface layer that makes initial contact with the host. To date, only the BclA glycoprotein has been described as a component of the exosporium; this paper defines 10 more tightly associated proteins from the exosporium of B.

Biotransformation of naphthalene and diaryl ethers by green microalgae.

The role of green microalgae in the biotransformation of naphthalene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and diaryl ethers was investigated using axenic cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and two environmental isolates, Scenedesmus SI1 and Ankistrodesmus SI2. Biotransformation experiments with dense cell cultures showed that these three green algae transformed toxic xenobiotics to more polar metabolites. Chlorella vulgaris metabolized naphthalene to 1-naphthol (0.