Opportunities to Improve Informed Consent with AHRQ Training Modules.

Background: Informed consent is a process of communication between clinician and patient that results in the patient's decision about whether to undergo a specific intervention. However, patients often do not understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives, even after signing a consent form.

Methods: Mixed-methods pilot test of two Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) informed consent training modules implemented in four hospitals.

Development and validation of a logic model for comprehensive medication management services.

Objectives: To develop and validate a theoretical logic model for comprehensive medication management (CMM) services.

Methods: The components of a logic model were constructed after a literature review and interviews with 4 CMM professionals. To validate the logic model, a panel of 17 CMM experts participated in three online Delphi method rounds to achieve consensus on the model.

Application of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to community pharmacy: A framework for implementation research on pharmacy services.

Background: Community pharmacies are an increasingly important health care setting with opportunities for improving quality and safety, yet little is understood about determinants of implementation in this setting.

Objective: This paper presents an implementation framework for pharmacy based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).

Methods: This study employed a critical review of 45 articles on professional services provided in community pharmacies, including medication therapy management (MTM), immunizations, and rapid HIV testing.

Assessing Four Quality Indicators for Multiple Sclerosis Management Through Patient-Reported Data.

Background: Although hundreds of quality indicators (QIs) have been developed for various chronic conditions, QIs specific to multiple sclerosis (MS) care have only recently been developed. We sought to examine the extent to which the self-reported care of individuals with MS meets four recently developed MS QIs related to treatment of depression, spasticity, and fatigue and timely initiation of disease-modifying agents (DMAs) for relapsing MS.

Methods: Using the Sonya Slifka Study data, we examined the proportion of the MS population meeting four QIs (based on patient-reported data) in a sample of individuals with MS in 2007-2009.

A review of instruments to measure interprofessional team-based primary care.

Interprofessional team-based care is increasingly regarded as an important feature of delivery systems redesigned to provide more efficient and higher quality care, including primary care. Measurement of the functioning of such teams might enable improvement of team effectiveness and could facilitate research on team-based primary care. Our aims were to develop a conceptual framework of high-functioning primary care teams to identify and review instruments that measure the constructs identified in the framework, and to create a searchable, web-based atlas of such instruments (available at: http://primarycaremeasures.

Business Models, Vaccination Services, and Public Health Relationships of Retail Clinics: A Qualitative Study.

Despite the rapid growth of retail clinics (RCs), literature is limited in terms of how these facilities offer preventive services, particularly vaccination services. The purpose of this study was to obtain an in-depth understanding of the RC business model pertaining to vaccine offerings, profitability, and decision making. From March to June 2009, we conducted 15 interviews with key individuals from three types of organizations: 12 representatives of RC corporations, 2 representatives of retail hosts (i.

Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information.

Objective: To develop a reliable and valid instrument to assess the understandability and actionability of print and audiovisual materials.

Methods: We compiled items from existing instruments/guides that the expert panel assessed for face/content validity. We completed four rounds of reliability testing, and produced evidence of construct validity with consumers and readability assessments.

Factors affecting adoption and implementation of AHRQ health literacy tools in pharmacies.

Background: Pharmacies are key sources of medication information for patients, yet few effectively serve patients with low health literacy. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) supported the development of four health literacy tools for pharmacists to address this problem, and to help assess and improve pharmacies' health literacy practices.

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the facilitators and barriers to the adoption and implementation of AHRQ's health literacy tools, particularly a tool to assess a pharmacy's health literacy practices.

Reduction in medication errors in hospitals due to adoption of computerized provider order entry systems.

Objective: Medication errors in hospitals are common, expensive, and sometimes harmful to patients. This study's objective was to derive a nationally representative estimate of medication error reduction in hospitals attributable to electronic prescribing through computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review and applied random-effects meta-analytic techniques to derive a summary estimate of the effect of CPOE on medication errors.

Preventing and resolving drug therapy problems by understanding patients' medication experiences.

Objectives: To provide tools for pharmacists to uncover patients' medication experiences and to discuss strategies that medication therapy management (MTM) pharmacists use to prevent and resolve drug therapy problems rooted in patients' medication experiences.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: Health care delivery system in the Minneapolis/Saint Paul, MN, area from January to October 2010.

Understanding the landscape of MTM programs for Medicare. Part D: Results from a study for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services.

Objectives: To describe the features of medication therapy management (MTM) programs, including eligibility criteria, enrollment, services, and reimbursement, and to describe the criteria used to evaluate MTM programs and assess the evidence of relevance to Medicare.

Design: Descriptive, exploratory, nonexperimental study.

Setting: United States between July 2007 and June 2008.

The medication experience: preliminary evidence of its value for patient education and counseling on chronic medications.

Objective: To describe medication therapy management (MTM) pharmacists' encounters with patients' medication experiences, to examine the utility of the medication experience in practice, and to explore the value of the medication experience in patient education and counseling on medications.

Methods: A focus group of 10 MTM pharmacists, and 1 pharmacist's 9-month practice diary were analyzed to reveal patients' medication experiences and the utility and value of the medication experience in practice.

Results: MTM pharmacists commonly encountered patients' medication experiences in their practices.

Understanding the meaning of medications for patients: the medication experience.

Objective: To understand and describe the meaning of medications for patients.

Methods: A metasynthesis of three different, yet complementary qualitative research studies, was conducted by two researchers. The first study was a phenomenological study of patients' medication experiences that used unstructured interviews.

Achieving patient centeredness in pharmacy practice: openness and the pharmacist's natural attitude.

Objective: To present the benefits of openness for achieving patient centeredness by pharmacists, provide patient narratives from two qualitative research studies that demonstrated how patients have experienced pharmacists' traditional approach, and describe a tool with six component strategies for pharmacists to use in direct patient care.

Design: (1) Ethnographic study and (2) hermeneutic phenomenological study.

Setting: (1) Pharmaceutical care practices and (2) university.