Physics-embedded inverse analysis with algorithmic differentiation for the earth's subsurface.

Inverse analysis has been utilized to understand unknown underground geological properties by matching the observational data with simulators. To overcome the underconstrained nature of inverse problems and achieve good performance, an approach is presented with embedded physics and a technique known as algorithmic differentiation. We use a physics-embedded generative model, which takes statistically simple parameters as input and outputs subsurface properties (e.

Do female dieters have an "eating disorder" self-schema?

Background: The processing of schema-related information is important in the maintenance of specific eating disorder (ED)-related belief systems and psychopathology. To date, most research on differences in the processing of ED schematic information has used interview or self-report questionnaire measures. Dieting is a known risk factor for EDs and dieters have been included in some studies.

International disparities in trauma care.

Purpose Of Review: Trauma care has been a low priority topic in the global health agenda until recently, despite its social and economic impact. Although prevention is the key, provision and quality of trauma care has been the weakest link in the survival chain. We aim to summarize the differences in global trauma care to propose solutions in this article.

HIV populations are large and accumulate high genetic diversity in a nonlinear fashion.

HIV infection is characterized by rapid and error-prone viral replication resulting in genetically diverse virus populations. The rate of accumulation of diversity and the mechanisms involved are under intense study to provide useful information to understand immune evasion and the development of drug resistance. To characterize the development of viral diversity after infection, we carried out an in-depth analysis of single genome sequences of HIV pro-pol to assess diversity and divergence and to estimate replicating population sizes in a group of treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals sampled at single (n = 22) or multiple, longitudinal (n = 11) time points.

Consideration of future safety consequences: a new predictor of employee safety.

Background: Compliance with safety behaviors is often associated with longer term benefits, but may require some short-term sacrifices. This study examines the extent to which consideration of future safety consequences (CFSC) predicts employee safety outcomes.

Methods: Two field studies were conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the newly developed Consideration of Future Safety Consequences (CFSC) scale.

Exception from informed consent for emergency research: consulting the trauma community.

Background: Research investigating the resuscitation and management of unstable trauma patients is necessary to improve care and save lives. Because informed consent for research is impossible in emergencies, the Federal Drug Administration has established an Exception from Informed Consent (EFIC) Policy that mandates "community consultation" as a means of protecting patient autonomy. We hypothesized that the trauma community represents a heterogeneous population whose attitudes regarding EFIC and willingness to participate in emergency research are influenced by status as a patient, family, or geographic community member.

Care of the injured worldwide: trauma still the neglected disease of modern society.

Traditionally, surgical diseases including emergency and injury care have garnered less attention and support internationally when compared to other medical specialties. Over the past decade however, healthcare professionals have increasingly advocated for the need to address the global burden of non-communicable diseases. Surgical disease, including traumatic injury, is among the top causes of death and disability worldwide and the subsequent economic burden is substantial, falling disproportionately on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Inefficiencies in a rural trauma system: the burden of repeat imaging in interfacility transfers.

Background: Local hospitals (LHs) transferring patients to regional trauma centers (TCs) often obtain CT scans to diagnose injuries and justify transfer. However, these imaging studies are often repeated at the receiving TCs. This study was performed to examine how frequently computed tomography (CT) scans were repeated in interfacility transfers in a rural trauma system and to identify the most common reason for repeating the studies.

New developments in massive transfusion in trauma.

Purpose Of Review: Trauma patients requiring massive transfusion represent a population at high risk for potentially preventable death. This review describes recent advances in the early recognition and treatment of the coagulopathy of trauma, as well as ongoing work to define optimal resuscitation strategies.

Recent Findings: Damage control resuscitation involves the rapid correction of hypothermia and acidosis, direct treatment of coagulopathy, and early transfusion in trauma patients.

Acute pancreatitis and critical illness: a pancreatic tale of hypoperfusion and inflammation.

Since it was first widely recognized at the end of the 19th century, acute pancreatitis has proven a formidable clinical challenge, frequently resulting in management within critical care settings. Because the early assessment of severity is difficult, the recognition of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and the implementation of critical care treatment precepts often are delayed. Although different management strategies for life-threatening features of SAP have been debated for decades, there has been little recent reduction in mortality rates, which can be as high as 30%.

Simulation in plastic surgery training and education: the path forward.

Computer-based training simulators have been used extensively, most notably in flight simulation. Over the past 20 years, surgical simulators have been developed, initially for training of minimally invasive surgery and more recently for open surgical simulation. The key effort in today's surgical simulation field is to develop metrics to evaluate how well the skills learned in a simulator translate to improvement in real surgical skills, execution of procedures, and team cooperation in the operating room.

Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma: a report of two diseases and review of the literature.

Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (ADPAca) is a rare, underreported, and often misdiagnosed malignant tumor of the sweat glands most commonly occurring in males in their fifties to seventies. We report two cases of ADPAca with important clinical implications. A 54-year-old man presented 3 years after digit amputation for ADPAca with new blue nodules on his arm, lymphadenopathy, and a lung nodule; he was diagnosed with and treated for metastatic ADPAca.

Effect of neoadjuvant therapy on local recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background: It is unknown whether neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, compared with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, decreases the rate of local recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Study Design: This is a retrospective case review of 102 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreatic resection between 1993 and 2005.

Results: Of 102 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection, 19 (19%) had no additional treatment, 41 (40%) underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and 42 (41%) were treated preoperatively with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Cancer concerns with topical immunomodulators in atopic dermatitis: overview of data and recommendations to clinicians.

The topical immunomodulators tacrolimus and pimecrolimus were approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in 2000 and 2001, respectively. However, on 20 January 2006, the US FDA approved a 'black box' warning for these agents because of concerns regarding a possible link to development of malignancy. These concerns were based upon the known mechanism of action of this drug class, the results of animal studies, and case reports.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

Background: The effectiveness in improving survival of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in patients undergoing surgery for esophageal carcinoma remains unclear.

Methods: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, BIOSIS Previews, and other resources were searched from January 1966 through January 2003. Randomized trials were selected on the basis of study design (NCRT followed by surgery vs surgery alone).