Different factors limit early- and late-season windows of opportunity for monarch development.

Seasonal windows of opportunity are intervals within a year that provide improved prospects for growth, survival, or reproduction. However, few studies have sufficient temporal resolution to examine how multiple factors combine to constrain the seasonal timing and extent of developmental opportunities. Here, we document seasonal changes in milkweed ()-monarch () interactions with high resolution throughout the last three breeding seasons prior to a precipitous single-year decline in the western monarch population.

System-Wide Improvement for Transitions After Ileostomy Surgery: Can Intensive Monitoring of Protocol Compliance Decrease Readmissions? A Randomized Trial.

Background: Hospital readmission is common after ileostomy formation and frequently associated with dehydration.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate a previously published intervention to prevent dehydration and readmission.

Design: This is a randomized controlled trial.

Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Ileum.

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare lymphoma derived from germinal center B lymphocytes that typically presents with localized lymph node involvement and can mimic a variety of both reactive and other neoplastic conditions. Extranodal involvement is uncommon in NLPHL and typically occurs in the context of previously documented or synchronous nodal disease. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is exceedingly rare.

Serine proteases mediate inflammatory pain in acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis is a life-threatening inflammatory disease characterized by abdominal pain of unknown etiology. Trypsin, a key mediator of pancreatitis, causes inflammation and pain by activating protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), but the isoforms of trypsin that cause pancreatitis and pancreatic pain are unknown. We hypothesized that human trypsin IV and rat P23, which activate PAR(2) and are resistant to pancreatic trypsin inhibitors, contribute to pancreatic inflammation and pain.

Factors that increase risk of colon polyps.

Adenomatous polyps are common and factors that increase risk include race, gender, smoking, and obesity. This author summarizes the evidence supporting increased risk with these factors and describes how epidemiological data may be used to tailor screening programs.

Trends in laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly.

Hypothesis: During the past 10 years, expertise with minimally invasive techniques has grown, leading to an increase in successful laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) even in the setting of massive and supramassive spleens.

Design: Retrospective series of patients who underwent splenectomy from November 1, 1995, to August 31, 2005.

Setting: Academic tertiary care center.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P mediate nociception in acute pancreatitis.

The mechanism of pancreatitis-induced pain is unknown. In other tissues, inflammation activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) on sensory nerves to liberate CGRP and substance P (SP) in peripheral tissues and the dorsal horn to cause neurogenic inflammation and pain, respectively. We evaluated the contribution of TRPV1, CGRP, and SP to pancreatic pain in rats.