Assessment of Reflux From Needleless Connectors: Blinded Comparison of Category Designation to Benchtop Function Using a Venous Simulator.

Needleless connectors (NCs) for vascular access have limited needlestick injuries, but complications including occlusion, thrombosis, and infections have increased despite reduced needlestick injuries. These complications relate to the ability of an NC design to limit volume fluctuations that can lead to fluid reflux with potential for microbial contamination. Different NC designs requiring specific usage protocols and training, a lack of clarity in NC function relative to manufacturer-designated categories, and confounding results from a limited number of studies comparing different NCs have resulted in confusion, ultimately leading to complications from undesirable fluid movement within the vascular access.