Tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma is associated with changes in clinical management and worse prognosis.

Background: The clinical implications and prognostic outcomes associated with tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma have not been well established.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of tumor upstaging in invasive melanoma, identify risk factors, and assess its impact on clinical management and outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective study using data from a statewide Surveillance Endpoints and End Results-affiliated cancer registry between 2014 and 2018 was performed.

Changes in Learning Outcomes after Dietary Intervention in Preschoolers: A Pilot Study.

The executive functioning skill set, which includes working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, begins developing in early life and continues into adulthood. Preschoolers' abilities to perform those skills may be influenced by diet. The purpose of this study was to explore the acute effects of consuming a low-GI diet compared to the usual childcare diet on preschoolers' self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness and their performance on learning-associated tasks.

How Lifestyle Factors Affect Cognitive and Executive Function and the Ability to Learn in Children.

In today's research environment, children's diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors are commonly studied in the context of health, independent of their effect on cognition and learning. Moreover, there is little overlap between the two literatures, although it is reasonable to expect that the lifestyle factors explored in the health-focused research are intertwined with cognition and learning processes. This thematic review provides an overview of knowledge connecting the selected lifestyle factors of diet, physical activity, and sleep hygiene to children's cognition and learning.