Comparison of lidocaine and lidocaine-xylazine for distal paravertebral anesthesia in dairy cattle.

Objective: To determine the time of onset and duration of action of distal paravertebral blocks (DPB) in dairy cattle using lidocaine and lidocaine plus xylazine (LX).

Animals: 10 healthy adult Holstein cows.

Methods: Unilateral DPB were performed in 6 cows at L1, L2, and L4.

Somatostatin inhibits basal and growth hormone-stimulated hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I production.

Growth of vertebrates is controlled by the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system, and somatostatins (SSs) have been shown to inhibit growth by reducing the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. In this study, we used rainbow trout to assess the effects of SSs on the production of IGF-I. Somatostatin-14 (SS-14-I) implantation for 15 days significantly reduced steady-state levels of IGF-I mRNA in liver and lowered IGF-I concentration in plasma compared to control animals.

Somatostatin signaling and the regulation of growth and metabolism in fish.

The study of the somatostatins (SS) signaling system in fish has provided important information about the structure, function, and evolution of SSs and their receptors. The SS signaling system elicits widespread biological actions via multiple hormone variants, numerous receptor subtypes, and a variety of signal transduction pathways. SSs alter growth via both direct and indirect actions, including inhibiting growth hormone release at the pituitary, decreasing hepatic GH sensitivity, and lowering plasma IGF-I levels.