The impact of vaccines for diarrhoea on antibiotic use among children in five low-resource settings: a comparative simulation study.

Background: Vaccines for diarrhoea could have the ancillary benefit of preventing antibiotic use. We aimed to quantify and compare the expected impact of enteric vaccines on antibiotic use via Monte Carlo simulations.

Methods: We analysed data from a longitudinal birth cohort, which enrolled children from 2009 to 2012 from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania.

Estimated global and regional causes of deaths from diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years during 2000-21: a systematic review and Bayesian multinomial analysis.

Background: Information on the causes of deaths from diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years is needed to design improved preventive and therapeutic approaches. We aimed to conduct a systematic analysis of studies to report estimates of the causes of deaths from diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years at global and regional levels during 2000-21.

Methods: For this systematic review and Bayesian multinomial analysis, we included 12 pathogens with the highest attributable incidence in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study.

Early Initiation of Ceftaroline-Based Combination Therapy for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

Purpose: Monotherapy with vancomycin or daptomycin remains guideline-based care for methicillin-resistant bacteremia (MRSA-B) despite concerns regarding efficacy. Limited data support potential benefit of combination therapy with ceftaroline as initial therapy. We present an assessment of outcomes of patients initiated on early combination therapy for MRSA-B.

Real-time sewage surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh versus clinical COVID-19 surveillance: a longitudinal environmental surveillance study (December, 2019-December, 2021).

Background: Clinical surveillance for COVID-19 has typically been challenging in low-income and middle-income settings. From December, 2019, to December, 2021, we implemented environmental surveillance in a converging informal sewage network in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission across different income levels of the city compared with clinical surveillance.

Methods: All sewage lines were mapped, and sites were selected with estimated catchment populations of more than 1000 individuals.

Frequency of bystander exposure to antibiotics for enteropathogenic bacteria among young children in low-resource settings.

Children in low-resource settings carry enteric pathogens asymptomatically and are frequently treated with antibiotics, resulting in opportunities for pathogens to be exposed to antibiotics when not the target of treatment (i.e., bystander exposure).

Sex Differences in Early Childhood Growth in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Secondary Analysis of the Early Life Interventions in Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT) Study.

Background: In population-based growth surveys in sub-Saharan Africa, boys have higher rates of growth failure than girls.

Objectives: Our goal was to assess for the presence, timing, and potential etiology of sex-based differences in length-for-age z score (LAZ), weight-for-age z score (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age z score (HCZ) in a birth cohort in rural Tanzania.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial data on 1084 children followed from age <2 wk to 18 mo, assessing anthropometry (measured every 3 mo), illness (hospitalization and monthly maternal report of symptoms), and feeding [monthly maternal report of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and complementary solids and liquids (CSLs)].

Effect of scheduled antimicrobial and nicotinamide treatment on linear growth in children in rural Tanzania: A factorial randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Stunting among children in low-resource settings is associated with enteric pathogen carriage and micronutrient deficiencies. Our goal was to test whether administration of scheduled antimicrobials and daily nicotinamide improved linear growth in a region with a high prevalence of stunting and enteric pathogen carriage.

Methods And Findings: We performed a randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the area around Haydom, Tanzania.

Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants in the Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT) Trial.

Recurrent enteric infections and micronutrient deficiencies, including deficiencies in the tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway, have been associated with environmental enteric dysfunction, potentially contributing to poor child growth and development. We are conducting a randomized, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial interventional trial in a rural population in Haydom, Tanzania, to determine the effect of 1) antimicrobials (azithromycin and nitazoxanide) and/or 2) nicotinamide, a niacin vitamer, on attained length at 18 months. Mother/infant dyads were enrolled within 14 days of the infant's birth from September 2017 to September 2018, with the follow-up to be completed in February 2020.

Global avian influenza surveillance in wild birds: a strategy to capture viral diversity.

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically biased, and often limited to the last outbreak virus. To identify opportunities to optimize wild bird surveillance for understanding viral diversity, we reviewed responses to a World Organisation for Animal Health-administered survey, government reports to this organization, articles on Web of Knowledge, and the Influenza Research Database.