CBLL1 is hypomethylated and correlates with cortical thickness in transgender men before gender affirming hormone treatment.

Gender identity refers to the consciousness of being a man, a woman or other condition. Although it is generally congruent with the sex assigned at birth, for some people it is not. If the incongruity is distressing, it is defined as gender dysphoria (GD).

Testosterone administration affects H-MRS metabolite spectra in transgender men.

Background: Recently, a variety of studies using different neuroimaging techniques attempted to identify the existence of a brain endophenotype in people with gender dysphoria (GD). However, despite mounting neuroimaging work, brain gender differences and effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) at the metabolite level remain understudied.

Methods: Thirty-one transgender men (TM) before and after testosterone administration (7.

Gender minority stress in transgender people: a major role for social network.

Background: Gender minority individuals, on average, experience higher rates of mental health problems. Mounting work suggests that gender minority stress (GMS) contributes to mental health outcomes in transgender/gender-nonconforming individuals.

Aim: We assessed whether GMS decreased in transgender people after initiating gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), and we identified social predictors and hormonal associations for GMS at 2 time points.

Thrombophilia and hormonal therapy in transgender persons: A literature review and case series.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a rare side effect of hormonal therapy in transgender persons. Prothrombotic genetic variants can increase this risk. For this reason, previous VTE and/or genetic thrombophilia may be considered by some as contraindications to hormonal treatment.

Changes in Serum Testosterone and Adrenal Androgen Levels in Transgender Women With and Without Gonadectomy.

Background: Initiating feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in transgender women causes a steep decline in serum testosterone. It is unknown if testosterone concentrations change further and whether adrenal androgen levels change during feminizing GAHT and after gonadectomy. This limits clinical decision making in transgender women with symptoms attributed to GAHT or gonadectomy.

Gender-affirming hormonal treatment changes neural processing of emotions in trans men: An fMRI study.

Background: Some transgender people desire a transition through gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT). To date, it is unknown how GAHT changes emotion perception in transgender people.

Methods: Thirty transgender men (TM), 30 cisgender men (CM), and 35 cisgender women (CW) underwent 3 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while passively viewing emotional faces (happy, angry, surprised faces) at two timepoints (T0 and T1).

The ENIGI (European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence) Study: Overview of Acquired Endocrine Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Literature on the efficacy and safety of gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) in transgender people is limited. For this reason, in 2010 the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI) study was born. The aim of this review is to summarize evidence emerging from this prospective multicentric study and to identify future perspectives.

Osteoporosis and Bone Health in Transgender Individuals.

This review discusses the changes in bone mass, structure, and metabolism that occur upon gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) in transgender adults and adolescents, as well as their clinical relevance. In general, available evidence shows that GAHT in transgender adults is not associated with major bone loss. In transgender adolescents, pubertal suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist monotherapy impairs bone development, but at least partial recovery is observed after GAHT initiation.

Minority Stress and the Effects on Emotion Processing in Transgender Men and Cisgender People: A Study Combining fMRI and 1H-MRS.

Background: Minority stress via discrimination, stigmatization, and exposure to violence can lead to development of mood and anxiety disorders and underlying neurobiochemical changes. To date, the neural and neurochemical correlates of emotion processing in transgender people (and their interaction) are unknown.

Methods: This study combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to uncover the effects of anxiety and perceived stress on the neural and neurochemical substrates, specifically choline, on emotion processing in transgender men.

Epigenetics Is Implicated in the Basis of Gender Incongruence: An Epigenome-Wide Association Analysis.

Introduction: The main objective was to carry out a global DNA methylation analysis in a population with gender incongruence before gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT), in comparison to a cisgender population.

Methods: A global CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) methylation analysis was performed on blood from 16 transgender people before GAHT vs. 16 cisgender people using the Illumina© Infinium Human Methylation 850k BeadChip, after bisulfite conversion.

Characterization of the H-MRS Metabolite Spectra in Transgender Men with Gender Dysphoria and Cisgender People.

Much research has been conducted on sexual differences of the human brain to determine whether and to what extent a brain gender exists. Consequently, a variety of studies using different neuroimaging techniques attempted to identify the existence of a brain phenotype in people with gender dysphoria (GD). However, to date, brain sexual differences at the metabolite level using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) have not been explored in transgender people.

Characterisation of testicular function and spermatogenesis in transgender women.

Study Question: Does gender-affirming treatment prevent full spermatogenesis in transgender women (TW)?

Summary Answer: Adequate hormonal therapy (HT) leads to complete suppression of spermatogenesis in most TW, if serum testosterone levels within female reference ranges are obtained.

What Is Known Already: Gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals may involve gender-affirming HT. The effects on spermatogenesis in TW remain unclear.

Vaginal bleeding and spotting in transgender men after initiation of testosterone therapy: A prospective cohort study (ENIGI).

Background: Previous studies have cross-sectionally described amenorrhea in cohorts of transgender men on intramuscular or subcutaneous testosterone injections. It remains uncertain which testosterone preparations most effectively suppress vaginal bleeding and when amenorrhea occurs after testosterone initiation.

Aim: To investigate the clinical effects of various testosterone preparations on vaginal bleeding and spotting in transgender men.

Lower Serum Estradiol Levels in Assigned Female at Birth Transgender People with Initiation of Testosterone Therapy: Results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence.

Concerns have been raised about undesired estrogenic effects in assigned female at birth (AFAB) transgender people on testosterone therapy. How serum estradiol levels change after initiation of testosterone therapy and if these levels should be monitored remain unclear. This prospective cohort study was part of the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence.