Sub-lethal effects of a neonicotinoid, clothianidin, on wild early life stage sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka).

One of the categories of environmental contaminants possibly contributing to declining sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada is pesticides. In this 4-month study, the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of a waterborne neonicotinoid, clothianidin (0.15, 1.