Anterior segment optical coherence tomography and its clinical applications.

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) has become one of the cornerstones of non-contact imaging modalities for assessing such structures as the cornea, anterior chamber angle, aqueous outflow pathway, sclera, and ocular surface structures. As such, it has a broad range of clinical applications, which have been independently reported in the literature. This paper aims to present a review of extant literature on the utility of AS-OCT and its efficacy in clinical applications, and to evaluate the quality of available evidence.

Retinal Vascular Geometry and the Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure in a Clinic-Based Sample.

Background: We aimed to examine the cross-sectional association between a range of retinal vascular geometric variables and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure.

Methods: The Australian Heart Eye Study (AHES) surveyed 1,680 participants presenting to a tertiary referral hospital for the evaluation of potential coronary artery disease by coronary angiography. Retinal vascular geometric variables (tortuosity, branching, and fractal dimension) were measured from retinal photographs using a computer-assisted program (Singapore I Vessel Assessment).

Five cases of orbital extramedullary plasmacytoma: diagnosis and management of an aggressive malignancy.

: Multiple myeloma is an insidious haematological malignancy characterised by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare manifestation of multiple myeloma and usually occurs in the upper respiratory tract. Orbital involvement is particularly uncommon, but may be associated with devastating visual impairment and poor clinical outcomes.

Associations between retinal arteriolar and venular calibre with the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study.

Background: This study aims to explore retinal vessel calibre in individuals at risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes mellitus (DM), and whether indices of CAD extent and severity modifies these associations with DM.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 1680 patients presenting to Westmead Hospital (Sydney, Australia) for evaluation of potential CAD. Baseline digital retinal photographs, cardiovascular risk factor measurements, fasting blood tests and self-reported diabetes by patient questionnaire was recorded.

A spectrum of retinal vasculature measures and coronary artery disease.

Background And Aims: We aimed to comprehensively describe a spectrum of retinal vessel measures including fractal dimension (D) and their associations with indices of coronary artery disease (CAD) extent and severity, as well as hypertension and diabetes.

Methods: The Australian Heart Eye Study (AHES) is an observational study that surveyed 1680 participants presenting to a tertiary referral hospital for the evaluation of potential CAD by coronary angiography. A range of newer retinal vessel geometric measures (D, curvature tortuosity, and branching angle) were quantified from retinal photographs using semi-automated software, the Singapore 'I' Vessel Assessment (SIVA) tool.

Chronic kidney disease and the severity of coronary artery disease and retinal microvasculature changes: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Prior studies have suggested the association between incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and poor glomerular filtration function. However to the best of our knowledge, few studies have specifically assessed this relationship based on the severity of CAD as quantified using Extent and Gensini scores.

Methods: Between June 2009 and January 2012, data were collected from 1,680 participants as part of the Australian Heart Eye Study (AHES) cohort.

Severity of coronary artery disease and retinal microvascular signs in patients with diagnosed versus undiagnosed diabetes: cross-sectional study.

Background: There is increasing evidence that a considerable proportion of patients with diabetes remain undiagnosed and untreated, however, it is unclear whether this is associated with more severe coronary artery disease (CAD) and microvasculature changes compared with diagnosed patients. We assessed CAD extent and severity, along with changes to the retinal microvascular structure in participants with undiagnosed versus diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Participants of the Australian Heart Eye Study were stratified into participants with previously diagnosed diabetes (n=489), undiagnosed diabetes (n=76) and no diabetes (n=1,112).

Materials in the vitreous during cataract surgery: nature and incidence, with two cases of histological confirmation.

Background: To identify and classify materials in the vitreous observed during phacoemulsification cataract surgery (phaco).

Design: Prospective, consecutive, observational case series at one ophthalmic day surgery in Sydney, Australia.

Participants: A total of 767 consecutive phaco cases.

Association between Retinal Arteriolar and Venule Calibre with Prevalent Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: There is evidence to suggest that microvascular disease, particularly diabetic retinopathy, plays a role in the pathogenesis of HF. However, whether changes in retinal vessel calibre predicts HF is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of retinal microvascular structure with prevalent heart failure (HF).

Metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular calibre in a high cardiovascular disease risk cohort.

Aims: To investigate the independent associations between metabolic syndrome and retinal vessel calibre in a high cardiovascular risk cohort, and to determine whether these associations also exist in patients without diabetes, hypertension or coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: The Australian Heart Eye Study is an observational study that surveyed 1680 participants who presented to a tertiary referral hospital for the evaluation of potential CAD by coronary angiography. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program.

Spontaneous hyphaema secondary to bleeding from an iris vascular tuft in a patient with a supratherapeutic International normalised ratio: case report.

Background: Iris vascular tufts are rare iris stromal vascular hamartomas. Patients with iris vascular tufts generally remain asymptomatic until presenting with a spontaneous hyphaema or with mild intraoperative pupil margin haemorrhage during anterior segment surgery. This is the first reported case of spontaneous hyphaema from iris vascular tuft related to a documented supratherapeutic International Normalised Ratio as a predisposing factor.

Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in a cohort with cardiovascular disease risk, compared with the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

Aims: To describe the prevalence of idiopathic and secondary epiretinal membranes (ERM) in a clinical cohort (Australian Heart Eye Study, AHES) and compare to the Blue Mountains Eye Study, and to determine whether associations exist between idiopathic ERM and the extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: The AHES is an observational study that surveyed 1680 participants who presented to a tertiary referral hospital for the evaluation of potential CAD by coronary angiography. Severity and extent of CAD was assessed using three scoring systems: (1) segment/vessel scores, (2) Gensini and (3) extent scores.

Hydropolish: a controlled trial on a technique to eradicate residual cortical lens fibers in phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of a noncontact, fluid-based capsular polishing technique (hydropolish) to remove residual cortical fibers (RCFs) and epithelial cells from the posterior and equatorial capsule in phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

Methods: Hydropolish involved manual irrigation of the posterior and equatorial capsule after irrigation/aspiration, using a 27-G hydrodissection cannula. This prospective, consecutive, single surgeon controlled trial was conducted at a dedicated ophthalmic surgery center in Sydney, Australia, between December 20, 2006, and July 14, 2010.

Severity of coronary artery disease is independently associated with the frequency of early age-related macular degeneration.

Background/aims: To describe the prevalence of early, late and any age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a clinical cohort (Australian Heart Eye Study, AHES) and to determine whether associations exist between extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and AMD, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: The AHES is an observational study that surveyed 1680 participants between 2009 and 2012 who presented to a tertiary referral hospital for the evaluation of potential CAD by coronary angiography. Severity and extent of CAD was assessed using three scoring systems: (1) segment/vessel scores, (2) Gensini and (3) extent scores.