Bone remodelling patterns around orthodontic mini-implants migrating in bone: an experimental study in rat vertebrae.

Background: Orthodontic implant migration has been clinically observed in presence of continuous loading forces. Recent studies indicate that osteocytes play a crucial role in this phenomenon.

Objectives: Aim of this study was to investigate local osteocytic gene expression, protein expression, and bone micro-structure in peri-implant regions of pressure and tension.

Genetics of intellectual disability in consanguineous families.

Autosomal recessive (AR) gene defects are the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) in countries with frequent parental consanguinity, which account for about 1/7th of the world population. Yet, compared to autosomal dominant de novo mutations, which are the predominant cause of ID in Western countries, the identification of AR-ID genes has lagged behind. Here, we report on whole exome and whole genome sequencing in 404 consanguineous predominantly Iranian families with two or more affected offspring.