Intra-epidermal electrically evoked potentials are sensitive to detect degenerative cervical myelopathy suggesting their spinothalamic propagation.

Objective: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a centromedullary spinal cord disorder mainly affecting crossing fibers. While contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) are sensitive in detecting DCM by testing spinothalamic integrity, somatosensory evoked potentials (dSSEPs) show unaffected dorsal column conduction. Intra-epidermal electrically evoked potentials (IEEPs) have unknown spinal propagation after noxious stimulation.

Intra-epidermal evoked potentials: A promising tool for spinal disorders?

Objectives: To test the robustness and signal-to-noise ratio of pain-related evoked potentials following intra-epidermal electrical stimulation (IES) compared to contact heat stimulation in healthy controls, and to explore the feasibility and potential added value of IES in the diagnosis of spinal disorders.

Methods: Pain-related evoked potentials induced by IES (custom-made, non-invasive, concentric triple pin electrode with steel pins protruding 1 mm from the anode, triangularly separated by 7-10 mm respectively) and contact heat stimulation were compared in 30 healthy subjects. Stimuli were applied to four different body sites.

Synchronized eye movements predict test scores in online video education.

Experienced teachers pay close attention to their students, adjusting their teaching when students seem lost. This dynamic interaction is missing in online education. We hypothesized that attentive students follow videos similarly with their eyes.