Measuring the design of empathetic buildings: a review of universal design evaluation methods.

Purpose: Universal design (UD) provides an explanation of good design based on the user perspective, which are outlined through its principles, goals, and related frameworks. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the frameworks and methods for UD building evaluations and to describe how close they have come to describing what a universally designed building is.

Methods: Evaluation approaches are reviewed from the existing literature across a number of spatial disciplines, including UD, human geography and urban studies.