The effect of azelaic acid on AlCl-induced neurocognitive impairments and molecular changes in the hippocampus of rats.

Objectives: Cognitive function plays a pivotal role in assessing an individual's quality of life. This research aimed to investigate how azelaic acid (AzA), a natural dicarboxylic acid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, affects aluminium chloride (AlCl)-induced behavioural changes and biochemical alterations in the hippocampus of rats.

Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats divided into four groups received distilled water, AzA 50 mg/kg, AlCl 100 mg/kg and AzA plus AlCl, respectively, by oral gavage for 6 weeks.

The Effect of Trientine on AlCl3-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Biochemical Changes in the Hippocampus of Rats.

Cognitive impairments affect millions of people worldwide with an increasing prevalence. Research on their etiology and treatment is developing, nevertheless significant gaps remain. Trientine (TETA), as a copper chelator, has been shown to have beneficial effects in different human chronic diseases such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and neuropathy.

The susceptibility of humans to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental toxicities caused by organophosphorus pesticides.

The toxicology field is concerned with the impact of organophosphorus (OP) compounds on human health. These compounds have been linked to an increased risk of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. This article aims to review studies on the role of OP compounds in developing these neurological disorders and explore how genetic variations can affect susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of these pesticides.

Frequency, Predictors, and Outcomes of the Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in the ICUs of Teaching Hospitals in Ardabil, Northwest of Iran During 2019-2020.

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can reduce therapeutic efficacy and increase the duration and cost of hospitalization so that patients are sometimes exposed to significant complications and even death. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at higher risk of DDIs for a variety of reasons, including impaired absorption, decreased metabolism, and renal failure. The main objective of this study was to evaluate frequency, clinical ranking and risk factors of potential DDIs in the ICUs of 3 teaching hospitals in Ardabil.

Pesticides and insulin resistance-related metabolic diseases: Evidences and mechanisms.

The use of pesticides in the past century has lot helped humankind in improving crops' field and general hygiene level. Nevertheless, there has been countless evidences on the toxic effects of pesticides on the living systems. The link of exposure to pesticides with different human chronic diseases in the context of carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc.

Estrogens counteract tributyltin-induced toxicity in the rat islets of Langerhans.

Background: Tributyltin (TBT) is known as an endocrine disruptor able to interfere with estrogen receptors (ERs) leading to toxic effects on the related endocrine pathways. TBT is an obesogen, reported to disrupt glucose homeostasis leading to diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of TBT and β-estradiol on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in simultaneous exposures.

Mechanistic assessment of cadmium toxicity in association with the functions of estrogen receptors in the Langerhans islets.

Objectives: Diabetes is a metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence for which finding new and efficient therapeutic approaches has always been a challenge. Preserving integrity and functionality of pancreatic β-cells as the only source of insulin in the body is such a case. To achieve this goal different cellular targets have been proposed among which pancreatic estrogen receptors have gotten much attention.

The link of organophosphorus pesticides with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases based on evidence and mechanisms.

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds have been known as the most widely used pesticides during the past half century and there have been a huge body of literature regarding their association with human chronic diseases. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders including Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism are among the afflicting neurological diseases which overshadow human life and their higher risk in relation to OP exposures have been uncovered by epidemiological studies. In addition, experimental studies exploring the underlying mechanisms have provided some evidence for involvement of cholinergic deficit, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and epigenetic modifications as the processes which are common in the toxicity of the OP and pathophysiology of the mentioned diseases.

Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity.

Pesticides are a family of compounds which have brought many benefits to mankind in the agricultural, industrial, and health areas, but their toxicities in both humans and animals have always been a concern. Regardless of acute poisonings which are common for some classes of pesticides like organophosphoruses, the association of chronic and sub-lethal exposure to pesticides with a prevalence of some persistent diseases is going to be a phenomenon to which global attention has been attracted. In this review, incidence of various malignant, neurodegenerative, respiratory, reproductive, developmental, and metabolic diseases in relation to different routes of human exposure to pesticides such as occupational, environmental, residential, parental, maternal, and paternal has been systematically criticized in different categories of pesticide toxicities like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic toxicity.

Protective Effect of Selenium-Based Medicines on Toxicity of Three Common Organophosphorus Compounds in Human Erythrocytes In Vitro.

Objective: Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are used to control pests, however they can reach the food chain and enter the human body causing serious health problems by means of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and oxidative stress (OS). Among the OPs, chlorpyrifos (CHP), malathion (MAL), and diazinon (DIA) are commonly used for commercial extermination purposes, in addition to veterinary practices, domestic, agricul- ture and public health applications. Two new recently registered medicines that contain selenium and other antioxidants, IMOD and angipars (ANG), have shown beneficial ef- fects for OS related disorders.

Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are mostly halogenated compounds tending to persist in the environment, enter into the food chain, and accumulate in fat mass of mammals due to their high lipophilicity. They include some organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these chemicals were widely used in the past so that their residues can be detected in the human body, though their usage has been banned for years.

Review of endocrine disorders associated with environmental toxicants and possible involved mechanisms.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are released into environment from different sources. They are mainly used in packaging industries, pesticides and food constituents. Clinical evidence, experimental models, and epidemiological studies suggest that EDC have major risks for human by targeting different organs and systems in the body.

The molecular mechanisms of liver and islets of Langerhans toxicity by benzene and its metabolite hydroquinone in vivo and in vitro.

Benzene (C6H6) is one of the most commonly used industrial chemicals causing environmental pollution. This study aimed to examine the effect of benzene and its metabolite hydroquinone on glucose regulating organs, liver and pancreas, and to reveal the involved toxic mechanisms, in rats. In the in vivo part, benzene was dissolved in corn oil and administered through intragastric route at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day, for 4 weeks.

Assessment of benzene induced oxidative impairment in rat isolated pancreatic islets and effect on insulin secretion.

Benzene (C6H6) is an organic compound used in petrochemicals and numerous other industries. It is abundantly released to our environment as a chemical pollutant causing widespread human exposure. This study mainly focused on benzene induced toxicity on rat pancreatic islets with respect to oxidative damage, insulin secretion and glucokinase (GK) activity.

Growing burden of diabetes in Pakistan and the possible role of arsenic and pesticides.

This review is undertaken to address the possible role of arsenic and pesticides in the prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan and to highlight a resourceful targeted research in this area. A bibliographic search of scientific databases was conducted with key words of "epidemics of diabetes in Pakistan", "diabetes in Asia", "diabetes mellitus and environmental pollutants", "diabetes mellitus and heavy metals", "diabetes mellitus and pesticides", "prevalence of pesticides in Pakistan", and "heavy metals contamination of drinking water, "vegetables and fruits in Pakistan". More than 200 articles were examined.

Molecular mechanisms involved in lead induced disruption of hepatic and pancreatic glucose metabolism.

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal known to be associated with pathology of various human chronic diseases. This study has focused on the effect of lead on glucose homeostasis with regard to metabolic function of pancreas and liver. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from the pancreas of rats and exposed to lead for 24h, then insulin release along with markers of ER stress and oxidative stress were evaluated.

Environmental and population studies concerning exposure to pesticides in iran: a comprehensive review.

Pesticides are widely used in Iranian agriculture and this has made a major toxicological concern among health professionals. The objective of this study is to explore national data about pesticides toxicity. All relevant databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus in a time period of 1960 to 2012 were searched for the keywords "Pesticides, Iran, Environment, and Population studies".

Current understandings and perspectives on non-cancer health effects of benzene: a global concern.

Objective: Benzene, as a volatile organic compound, is known as one of the main air pollutants in the environment. The aim of this review is to summarize all available evidences on non-cancerous health effects of benzene providing an overview of possible association of exposure to benzene with human chronic diseases, specially, in those regions of the world where benzene concentration is being poorly monitored.

Methodology: A bibliographic search of scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scirus was conducted with key words of "benzene toxic health effects", "environmental volatile organic compounds", "diabetes mellitus and environmental pollutants", "breast cancer and environmental pollution", "prevalence of lung cancer", and "diabetes prevalence".

Different biokinetics of nanomedicines linking to their toxicity; an overview.

In spite of the extreme rise to the knowledge of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences, there are currently limited experimental works studying the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and the biological system. Adjustment of size and surface area plays the main role in the reaction between NPs and cells leading to their increased entrance into cells through skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory system. Moreover, change in physicochemical reactivity of NPs causes them to interact with circulatory and cellular proteins differentially leading to the altered parameters of their biokinetics, including adsorption, distribution, translocation, transformation, and elimination.

Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives.

Along with the wide use of pesticides in the world, the concerns over their health impacts are rapidly growing. There is a huge body of evidence on the relation between exposure to pesticides and elevated rate of chronic diseases such as different types of cancers, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), birth defects, and reproductive disorders. There is also circumstantial evidence on the association of exposure to pesticides with some other chronic diseases like respiratory problems, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, chronic nephropathies, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and aging.

Protective effects of methylsulfonylmethane on hemodynamics and oxidative stress in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is naturally occurring organic sulfur that is known as a potent antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MSM on hemodynamics functions and oxidative stress in rats with monocrotaline- (MCT-) induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 38-days treatment.

Protective effect of NAC against malathion-induced oxidative stress in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.

Purpose: Induction of oxidative stress by Organophosphate compounds (OPs) has been previously reported. In the present work, the mechanism of protective effects of N-acetylcysteine as a glutathion (GSH) prodrug against malathion-induced cell toxicity was investigated. In this work, freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were used to determine the effect of NAC on malathion-induced cytotoxicity, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction.