Noninvasive brain stimulation for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Pharmacological and conventional nonpharmacological treatments for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) have only modest efficacy. Furthermore, pharmacotherapy carries the risk of important side effects. Noninvasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)) are valuable and safe for cognitive function in Alzheimer disease (AD).