Timing of Embolization, Radiosurgery, and Resection of Arteriovenous Malformations in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective, Descriptive Study.

Objective: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a challenging pathology in pediatric patients, carrying a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Treatment modalities include resection, endovascular embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery. There is currently no consensus favoring one modality over another.

Responsive neurostimulation device therapy in pediatric patients with complex medically refractory epilepsy.

Objective: Pediatric epilepsy is characterized as drug resistant in 20%-30% of patients and defined as persistent seizures despite adequate treatment with two first-line antiepileptic medications. The American Academy of Neurology advocates surgical options earlier in the treatment of epilepsy to provide long-term seizure reduction. The new development of minimally invasive approaches has recently allowed for surgical options to patients not previously deemed surgical candidates.