Transgene-free Genome Editing in Grapevine.

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has revolutionized plant breeding by offering precise and rapid modifications. Traditional breeding methods are often slow and imprecise, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 allows for targeted genetic improvements. Previously, direct delivery of Cas9-single guide RNA (sgRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to grapevine () protoplasts has been demonstrated, but successful regeneration of edited protoplasts into whole plants has not been achieved.