E-cigarette vapor extract alters human eosinophil gene expression in an effect mediated by propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine.

E-cigarette use has become widespread, and its effects on airway inflammation and disease are not fully delineated. E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE) profoundly affects neutrophil function. We hypothesized that EVE also alters eosinophil function and thus could impact allergic airway disease.

Cytotoxic CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells are associated with asthma severity.

Background: Patients with severe uncontrolled asthma represent a distinct endotype with persistent airway inflammation and remodeling that is refractory to corticosteroid treatment. CD4 T2 cells play a central role in orchestrating asthma pathogenesis, and biologic therapies targeting their cytokine pathways have had promising outcomes. However, not all patients respond well to such treatment, and their effects are not always durable nor reverse airway remodeling.

Thymus-Derived CD4CD8 Cells Reside in Mediastinal Adipose Tissue and the Aortic Arch.

Double-positive CD4CD8αβ (DP) cells are thought to reside as T cell progenitors exclusively within the thymus. We recently discovered an unexpected CD4 and CD8αβ immune cell population in healthy and atherosclerotic mice by single-cell RNA sequencing. Transcriptomically, these cells resembled thymic DPs.

Transcriptome and chromatin landscape of iNKT cells are shaped by subset differentiation and antigen exposure.

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) differentiate into thymic and peripheral NKT1, NKT2 and NKT17 subsets. Here we use RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analyses and show iNKT subsets are similar, regardless of tissue location. Lung iNKT cell subsets possess the most distinct location-specific features, shared with other innate lymphocytes in the lung, possibly consistent with increased activation.

Author Correction: A Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity.

Adjuvants are central to the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, yet its adjuvanticity is often weak and mechanisms of triggering antibody responses remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that site-specific modification of immunogens with short peptides composed of repeating phosphoserine (pSer) residues enhances binding to alum and prolongs immunogen bioavailability.

Allergen-specific IgG memory B cells are temporally linked to IgE memory responses.

Background: IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin and tightly regulated, and IgE-producing B cells are rare. The cellular origin and evolution of IgE responses are poorly understood.

Objective: The cellular and clonal origin of IgE memory responses following mucosal allergen exposure by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) were investigated.

Molecular Signatures of Dengue Virus-Specific IL-10/IFN-γ Co-producing CD4 T Cells and Their Association with Dengue Disease.

Dengue virus (DENV) can cause diseases ranging from dengue fever (DF) to more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Whether antiviral T cells contribute to the protection against or pathogenesis of severe disease is not well defined. Here, we identified antigen-specific IL-10IFN-γ double-positive (DP) CD4 T cells during acute DENV infection.

Human Eosinophils Express a Distinct Gene Expression Program in Response to IL-3 Compared with Common β-Chain Cytokines IL-5 and GM-CSF.

Despite recent advances in asthma management with anti-IL-5 therapies, many patients have eosinophilic asthma that remains poorly controlled. IL-3 shares a common β subunit receptor with both IL-5 and GM-CSF but, through α-subunit-specific properties, uniquely influences eosinophil biology and may serve as a potential therapeutic target. We aimed to globally characterize the transcriptomic profiles of GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 stimulation on human circulating eosinophils and identify differences in gene expression using advanced statistical modeling.