Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Follow-up of Children and Adolescents With HIV Infection in Guatemala.

We conducted a retrospective study to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on children living with HIV in Guatemala. A reduction in physical consultations and laboratory tests was observed in prepandemic versus pandemic period. However, immunovirological status of the children showed no differences.

Position statement on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies, part 3: precautions in situations of surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections.

The objective of this study is to provide practical recommendations on the management of pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapies. The recommendations specifically address the cases of surgery, fever, and opportunistic infections (varicella, herpes-zoster, tuberculosis, invasive fungal disease). A qualitative approach was applied.

Position statement on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies, part 2: infection prophylaxis.

This study aims to provide practical recommendations on prophylaxis for infection in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases receiving/scheduled to receive immunosuppressive therapy. A qualitative approach was applied. A narrative literature review was performed via Medline.

Pregnancy Outcomes Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Women in Spain.

Background: An increasing number of women living with perinatally acquired HIV are reaching adulthood and becoming pregnant. Achieving viral suppression is challenging in this population frequently exposed to numerous antiretroviral regimens. This study describes the long-term outcomes of pregnant women living with perinatally acquired HIV in Spain.

Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of a Cohort of HIV-Infected Mother-Infant Pairs During 21 Years.

Background: HIV infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. After the introduction of effective preventive measures, perinatal transmission dramatically decreased. Our aim was to assess the sociodemographic changes in pregnant women living with HIV infection and trends in perinatal transmission rates over time.

Are infections in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis more frequent than in healthy children? A prospective multicenter observational study.

Background: Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) might be at a higher risk of infection. Our objectives are to describe and compare infection rates in patients with JIA vs. healthy patients.

Longitudinal survey of humoral and cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.

Background: Data regarding humoral and cellular response against SARS-CoV-2 in children are scarce. We analysed seroconversion rate, decrease of anti-RBD IgG antibodies over time and T-cell response in paediatric patients who suffered COVID-19.

Methods: Longitudinal study of paediatric patients COVID-19 diagnosed by positive molecular assay in nasopharyngeal swabs.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents Living With HIV in Madrid.

Multicenter study designed to describe epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive cases registered among children and adolescents living with HIV (CALWH). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 13.3% of CALWH, with all patients presenting mild symptoms, and the outcome was good in all patients.

A Prospective Study of the Serological, Clinical, and Epidemiological Features of a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Pediatric Cohort.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 was a global pandemic. Children develop a mild disease and may have a different rate of seroconversion compared to adults. The objective was to determine the number of seronegative patients in a pediatric cohort.

Prevalence of psychological symptoms and associated risk factors in a Spanish sample of HIV-positive youth compared to uninfected peers.

Introduction: The aim of the study was twofold: a) to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and sleep disturbances in young patients with vertically-transmitted HIV infection compared to uninfected peers, and b) to identify sociodemographic, psychosocial and medication-related variables and other clinical risk and protective factors related to psychological symptoms.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two groups with independent measures (36 youth with vertically transmitted HIV infection and 39 HIV-negative peers). We used 3 standardised assessment tools and a sociodemographic/psychosocial questionnaire (STAI, BDI, PSQI and adapted sociodemographic test).

Position statement of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies: Part 1 (screening).

This study provides practical recommendations on infection screening in pediatric patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies. For this reason, a qualitative approach was applied. A narrative literature review was performed via Medline.

Safety and Experience With Combined Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Newborn at High-risk of Perinatal HIV Infection, in a Cohort of Mother Living With HIV-infant Pairs.

Background: Perinatal transmission of HIV has dramatically decreased in high-income countries in the last few years with current rates below 1%, but it still occurs in high-risk situations, mainly pregnant women with late diagnosis of infection, poor antiretroviral adherence and a high viral load (VL). In these high-risk situations, many providers recommend combined neonatal prophylaxis (CNP). Our aim was to evaluate the safety and toxicity of CNP in infants deemed at high-risk of HIV infection among mother-infant pairs in the Madrid Cohort.

Chorea as the presenting feature of acute rheumatic fever in childhood; case reports from a low-prevalence European setting.

Background: Despite a notable decrease in acute rheumatic fever (ARF) incidence in the past few decades, there are still cases in our setting. Sydenham chorea (SC) may be the initial manifestation for this condition in childhood in a significant proportion of children. We report two cases of choreoathetosis in children as the first manifestation of ARF.

Disseminated Tuberculosis Complicated With Pneumatoceles in 2 Infants.

Pneumatoceles are rare complications of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. We present 2 cases in infants of disseminated tuberculosis complicated by pneumatoceles with different evolution. This complication should be considered if worsening of respiratory symptoms occurs after initiating anti-tuberculous treatment.

[Prevalence of psychological symptoms and associated risk factors in a Spanish sample of HIV-positive youth compared to uninfected peers].

Introduction: The aim of the study was twofold: (i)to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and sleep disturbances in young patients with vertically-transmitted HIV infection compared to uninfected peers, and (ii)to identify sociodemographic, psychosocial and medication-related variables and other clinical risk and protective factors related to psychological symptoms.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two groups with independent measures (36 youth with vertically transmitted HIV infection and 39 HIV-negative peers). We used three standardised assessment tools and a sociodemographic/psychosocial questionnaire (STAI, BDI, PSQI and adapted sociodemographic test).

Neurocognitive and quality of life study in perinatally HIV-infected young people and their peers. NeuroCoRISpeS study.

Background: Assessing the role of HIV and non-HIV related factors is essential for a better understanding of the neurocognitive outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) young people. The aim of our study was to assess cognition and quality of life (QoL) of a PHIV+ cohort of young people and to compare it with a control group.

Methods: Thirty PHIV+ and 30 HIV(-) healthy young adults matched by age, sex and socioeconomic status completed a protocol that included neurocognitive tests, a psychosocial semi-structured interview and a QoL questionnaire (PedsQL).

Tuberculosis in the paediatric population of Madrid in the last 26 years.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious public health problem and establishing a definitive diagnosis among children is extremely challenging. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most prevalent form, with children under the age of 2 years being at greatest risk of severe and disseminated forms. The aim of this study was to describe TB among children in Spain in recent years.

[Evaluation of an Xpert EV (Cepheid) molecular diagnostic technique for enteroviral meningitis].

Introduction: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have shown to be useful and quick for the diagnosis of enterovirus in aseptic meningitis. The aim of our study was to analyse the changes in clinical practice after the introduction of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique using the Xpert EV (Cepheid) assay for the qualitative detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from children with suspected viral meningitis.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed in children older than 1year, diagnosed with enterovirus meningitis in a third level hospital from November 2006 to February 2013.

"Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children".

Background: Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is difficult in infants and young children. For microbiological confirmation of PTB children, sequential gastric lavage (GL) is recommended. Induced sputum (IS) may be an alternative or complementary tool, but the information is limited in children in developed countries.