Developmental Changes in the Relation between Youth Disclosure and Parenting Behavior: A Cohort-sequential Analysis.

To address a gap in the literature regarding the development of youth disclosure across the transition to adolescence, the current research uses a cohort-sequential approach to study youth disclosure from middle childhood through adolescence. Longitudinal data from three cohorts of parents were utilized (N = 1359; children at T1 were in grades 2 [M = 8.00 years, SD = 0.

Cyclic Hydroxylamines as Monitors of Peroxynitrite and Superoxide-Revisited.

There is a considerable need for methods that allow quantitative determination in vitro and in vivo of transient oxidative species such as peroxynitrite (ONOOH/ONOO) and superoxide (HO/O). Cyclic hydroxylamines, which upon oxidation yield their respective stable nitroxide radicals, have been suggested as spin probes of peroxynitrite and superoxide. The present study investigated this approach by following the kinetics of peroxynitrite decay in the absence and presence of various 5-membered and 6-membered ring hydroxylamines, and comparing the yield of their respective nitroxides using electron paramagnetic spectroscopy.

The nitroxide/antioxidant 3-carbamoyl proxyl attenuates disease severity in murine models of severe asthma.

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, symptoms of dyspnea, wheezing and coughing. In most patients, asthma is well controlled using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. A minority of patients with asthma develop severe disease, which is frequently only partially responsive or even resistant to treatment with corticosteroids.

3-Carbamoyl-proxyl nitroxide radicals attenuate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Oxidative and nitrosative stress is implicated as one of the main pathogenic pathways in IPF. The rationale for the use of antioxidants to treat lung fibrosis is appealing, however to date a consistent beneficial effect for such an approach has not been observed.

Sibling Adjustment to Childhood Chronic Illness: An Integrative Review.

Siblings of children with a chronic illness are among the close family members impacted by childhood chronic illness. Family roles, routines, and functioning are adjusted to fit the needs of the child and family throughout the course of the illness. Empirical articles regarding adjustment of healthy siblings of children with chronic illnesses ages 0 to 17 years, published in 2000 to 2019 were searched on PsycInfo, PubMed, and Medline using the keywords "sibling adjustment," "sibling chronic," and "sibling illness.

Hydroxylamines inhibit tyrosine oxidation and nitration: The role of their respective nitroxide radicals.

In vivo, nitroxide antioxidants distribute within minutes throughout all tissues, but are reduced to their respective hydroxylamines due to the cellular reducing environment, which apparently limits their application. To distinguish their antioxidative activity from that of their respective nitroxides, the kinetics and mechanism of their inhibitory effect on the enzymatic oxidation and nitration of tyrosine have been studied. The inhibitory effect of the hydroxylamines on the oxidation and nitration of tyrosine induced by HRP/HO and HRP/HO/nitrite was investigated by following the kinetics of the formation of their respective nitroxides, HO decomposition, release of O and accumulation of tyrosine oxidation and nitration products.

Mechanistic insight into the catalytic inhibition by nitroxides of tyrosine oxidation and nitration.

Background: Nitroxide antioxidants (RNO) protect from injuries associated with oxidative stress. Tyrosine residues in proteins are major targets for oxidizing species giving rise to irreversible cross-linking and protein nitration, but the mechanisms underlying the protective activity of RNO on these processes are not sufficiently clear.

Methods: Tyrosine oxidation by the oxoammonium cation (RN=O) was studied by following the kinetics of RNO formation using EPR spectroscopy.

Sources of social support and gender in perceived stress and individual adjustment among Latina/o college-attending emerging adults.

Objectives: We explored the role of particular sources of social support (friends, romantic partners, family) as moderators and mediators in the associations between perceived stress and individual well-being (loneliness, depressive symptoms, and self-rated physical health). We also tested the possible moderating effect of gender to ascertain whether women and men are differentially impacted by social support's diverse sources.

Method: Participants were 163 Latina/o emerging adults attending college (85% women; = 20.

Carbon dioxide-catalyzed peroxynitrite reactivity - The resilience of the radical mechanism after two decades of research.

Peroxynitrite, ONOO, formed in tissues that are simultaneously generating NO and O, is widely regarded as a major contributor to oxidative stress. Many of the reactions involved are catalyzed by CO via formation of an unstable adduct, ONOOC(O)O, that undergoes O-O bond homolysis to produce NO and CO radicals, whose yields are equal at about 0.33 with respect to the ONOO reactant.

Direct Observation of Acyl Nitroso Compounds in Aqueous Solution and the Kinetics of Their Reactions with Amines, Thiols, and Hydroxamic Acids.

Acyl nitroso compounds or nitrosocarhonyls (RC(O)N═O) are reactive short-lived electrophiles, and their hydrolysis and reactions with nucleophiles produce HNO. Previously, direct detection of acyl nitroso species in nonaqueous media has been provided by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy demonstrating that its half-life is about 1 ms. In the present study hydroxamic acids (RC(O)NHOH) are oxidized electrochemically in buffered aqueous solutions (pH 5.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Allosteric Effectors That Enhance CO Release from Carboxyhemoglobin.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes between 5,000-6,000 deaths per year in the US alone. The development of small molecule allosteric effectors of CO binding to hemoglobin (Hb) represents an important step toward making effective therapies for CO poisoning. To that end, we have found that the synthetic peptide IRL 2500 enhances CO release from COHb in air, but with concomitant hemolytic activity.

Nitrogen Dioxide Reaction with Nitroxide Radical Derived from Hydroxamic Acids: The Intermediacy of Acyl Nitroso and Nitroxyl (HNO).

Hydroxamic acids (RC(O)NHOH) form a class of compounds that display interesting chemical and biological properties The chemistry of RC(O)NHOH) is associated with one- and two-electron oxidations forming the respective nitroxide radical (RC(O)NHO) and acyl nitroso (RC(O)N═O), respectively, which are relatively unstable species. In the present study, the kinetics and mechanism of the NO reaction with nitroxide radicals derived from acetohydroxamic acid, suberohydroxamic acid, benzohydroxamic acid, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid have been studied in alkaline solutions. Ionizing radiation was used to generate about equal yields of these radicals, demonstrating that the oxidation of the transient nitroxide radical by NO produces HNO and nitrite at about equal yields.

Mechanism of HRP-catalyzed nitrite oxidation by HO revisited: Effect of nitroxides on enzyme inactivation and its catalytic activity.

The peroxidative activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) undergoes progressive inactivation while catalyzing the oxidation of nitrite by HO. The extent of inactivation increases as the pH increases, [nitrite] decreases or [HO] increases, and is accompanied by a loss of the Soret peak of HRP along with yellow-greenish coloration of the solution. HRP-catalyzed nitrite oxidation by HO involves not only the formation of compounds I and II as transient heme species, but also compound III, all of which in turn, oxidize nitrite yielding NO.

Nitroxides protect horseradish peroxidase from HO-induced inactivation and modulate its catalase-like activity.

Background: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes HO dismutation while undergoing heme inactivation. The mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. The effects of nitroxides, which protect metmyoglobin and methemoglobin against HO-induced inactivation, have been investigated.

Nitroxides catalytically inhibit nitrite oxidation and heme inactivation induced by HO, nitrite and metmyoglobin or methemoglobin.

Stable nitroxide radicals have multiple biological effects, although the mechanisms underlying them are not fully understood. Their protective effect against oxidative damage has been mainly attributed to scavenging deleterious radicals, oxidizing reduced metal ions and reducing oxyferryl centers of heme proteins. Yet, the potential of nitroxides to protect heme proteins against inactivation while suppressing or enhancing their catalytic activities has been largely overlooked.

Nitrite Reduction to Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia by TiO2 Electrons in a Colloid Solution via Consecutive One-Electron Transfer Reactions.

The mechanism of nitrite reduction by excess electrons on TiO2 nanoparticles (eTiO2(-)) was studied under anaerobic conditions. TiO2 was loaded with up to 75 electrons per particle, induced by γ-irradiation of acidic TiO2 colloid solutions containing 2-propanol. Time-resolved kinetics and material analysis were performed, mostly at 1.

Loneliness, Stress, and Social Support in Young Adulthood: Does the Source of Support Matter?

Social support protects individuals against adversity throughout the lifespan, and is especially salient during times of intense social change, such as during the transition to adulthood. Focusing on three relationship-specific sources of social support (family, friends, and romantic partners), the current study examined the stress-buffering function of social support against loneliness and whether the association between social support and loneliness with stress held constant would vary by its source. The role of gender in these associations was also considered.

The Suramin Derivative NF449 Interacts with the 5-fold Vertex of the Enterovirus A71 Capsid to Prevent Virus Attachment to PSGL-1 and Heparan Sulfate.

NF449, a sulfated compound derived from the antiparasitic drug suramin, was previously reported to inhibit infection by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In the current work, we found that NF449 inhibits virus attachment to target cells, and specifically blocks virus interaction with two identified receptors--the P-selectin ligand, PSGL-1, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan--with no effect on virus binding to a third receptor, the scavenger receptor SCARB2. We also examined a number of commercially available suramin analogues, and newly synthesized derivatives of NF449; among these, NF110 and NM16, like NF449, inhibited virus attachment at submicromolar concentrations.

Cyclic nitroxide radicals attenuate inflammation and Hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

The effects of stable cyclic nitroxide radicals have been extensively investigated both in vivo and in vitro demonstrating anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, anti-mutagenic, age-retardant, hypotensive, anti-cancer and anti-teratogenic activities. Yet, these stable radicals have not been evaluated in asthma and other airway inflammatory disorders. The present study investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl (TPL) and 3-carbamoyl-proxyl (3-CP) in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma.

Inhibition of JNK Sensitizes Hypoxic Colon Cancer Cells to DNA-Damaging Agents.

Purpose: We showed previously that in HT29 colon cancer cells, modulation of hypoxia-induced stress signaling affects oxaliplatin cytotoxicity. To further study the significance of hypoxia-induced signaling through JNK, we set out to investigate how modulation of kinase activities influences cellular responses of hypoxic colon cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs.

Experimental Design: In a panel of cell lines, we investigated effects of pharmacologic and molecular inhibition of JNK on sensitivity to oxaliplatin, SN-38, and 5-FU.