Untenable Expectations: Nurses' Work in the Context of Medication Administration, Error, and the Organization.

We explored nurses' work in the context of medication administration, errors, and the organization. Secondary analysis of ethnographic data included 92 hours of non-participant observation, and 37 unstructured interviews with nurses, administrators, and pharmacists. Think-aloud observations and analysis of institutional documents supplemented these data.

The Paradox of Safety in Medication Management.

The reduction of medication errors is largely dependent upon the structure of the medication management system and the role of the pharmacist in the acute care setting. The significance of this claim became evident in an ethnographic study of nurses' work in which data were generated from extensive observations, formal interviews, and document reviews. Each step of medication management-from ordering to administering-was microanalyzed, and spaces and places for error emerged.

The praxis of courage as a foundation for care.

Purpose: To analyze the concept of courage and determine its relevance for the present-day context of nursing.

Methods: Using techniques of pragmatic utility, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using 18 articles and books from the nursing literature. Analytical questions were developed to guide the data synthesis.