Salbutamol safety in children under 2 years of age with acute wheezing: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of short-term use of inhaled salbutamol in children under 2 years of age with acute wheezing.

Data Sources: Electronic databases (PubMed, Trip, MEDLINE) and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to October 2022.

Study Selection: The search was restricted to randomised controlled trials published in English regarding the safety of inhaled salbutamol in wheezing children under the age of 2.

Treatment of steroid-refractory graft versus host disease in children.

Systemic steroids are still the first-line approach in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), and the backbone of chronic GvHD management. Refractoriness to steroid represent a major cause of morbidity and non-relapse mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In both backgrounds, several second-line immunosuppressive agents have been tested with variable results in terms of efficacy and toxicity.

The role of presepsin in pediatric patients with oncological and hematological diseases experiencing febrile neutropenia.

Febrile neutropenia (FN) represents one of the main complications of pediatric patients with oncological and hematological diseases. In these patients, it is crucial to identify bacterial infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate presepsin as an early biomarker of bacterial infections during FN.

The emerging role of nutritional support in the supportive care of pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (allo-HSCT) represents a potentially curative strategy for many oncological, hematological, metabolic, and immunological diseases in children. The continuous effort in ameliorating supportive care represents one of the cornerstones in the improvement of outcome in these patients. Nowadays, more than ever nutritional support can be considered a key feature.

ERCC6L2-related disease: a novel entity of bone marrow failure disorder with high risk of clonal evolution.

ERCC excision repair 6 like 2 (ERCC6L2) gene encodes for different helicase-like protein members of the Snf2 family involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair and in cell proliferation. Germline homozygous mutations in children and adults predispose to a peculiar bone marrow failure phenotype characterized by mild hematological alterations with a high risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. The outcome for patients with leukemia progression is dismal while patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the early stage have better outcomes.

Pharmacomicrobiomics in Pediatric Oncology: The Complex Interplay between Commonly Used Drugs and Gut Microbiome.

The gut microbiome (GM) has emerged in the last few years as a main character in several diseases. In pediatric oncological patients, GM has a role in promoting the disease, modulating the effectiveness of therapies, and determining the clinical outcomes. The therapeutic course for most pediatric cancer influences the GM due to dietary modifications and several administrated drugs, including chemotherapies, antibiotics and immunosuppressants.

Exploiting Clonal Evolution to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment Efficacy Prediction in Pediatric AML.

Despite improvements in therapeutic protocols and in risk stratification, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains the leading cause of childhood leukemic mortality. Indeed, the overall survival accounts for ~70% but still ~30% of pediatric patients experience relapse, with poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve diagnosis and treatment efficacy prediction in the context of this disease.

Uncommon cytogenetic abnormalities identifying high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in children.

Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents an aggressive disease and is the leading cause of childhood leukemic mortality. The genomic landscape of pediatric AML has been recently mapped and redefined thanks to large-scale sequencing efforts. Today, understanding how to incorporate the growing list of genetic lesions into a risk stratification algorithm for pediatric AML is increasingly challenging given the uncertainty regarding the prognostic impact of rare lesions.