Contribution of A-to-I RNA editing, M6A RNA Methylation, and Alternative Splicing to physiological brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging is a physiological and progressive phenomenon in all organisms' life cycle, characterized by the accumulation of degenerative processes triggered by several alterations within molecular pathways. These changes compromise cell fate, resulting in the loss of functions in tissues throughout the body, including the brain. Physiological brain aging has been linked to structural and functional alterations, as well as to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Direct CD32 T-cell cytotoxicity: implications for breast cancer prognosis and treatment.

The FcγRII (CD32) ligands are IgFc fragments and pentraxins. The existence of additional ligands is unknown. We engineered T cells with human chimeric receptors resulting from the fusion between CD32 extracellular portion and transmembrane CD8α linked to CD28/ζ chain intracellular moiety (CD32-CR).

Glioma extracellular vesicles for precision medicine: prognostic and theragnostic application.

EV produced by tumour cells carry a diverse population of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA molecules throughout the body and appear to play an important role in the overall development of the disease state, according to growing data. Gliomas account for a sizable fraction of all primary brain tumours and the vast majority of brain malignancies. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a kind of grade IV glioma that has a very dismal prognosis despite advancements in diagnostic methods and therapeutic options.

In vitro elimination of epidermal growth factor receptor-overexpressing cancer cells by CD32A-chimeric receptor T cells in combination with cetuximab or panitumumab.

Cetuximab and panitumumab bind the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although the chimeric cetuximab (IgG1) triggers antibody-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) of EGFR positive target cells, panitumumab (a human IgG2) does not. The inability of panitumumab to trigger ADCC reflects the poor binding affinity of human IgG2 Fc for the FcγRIII (CD16) on natural killer (NK) cells.

CD16-158-valine chimeric receptor T cells overcome the resistance of KRAS-mutated colorectal carcinoma cells to cetuximab.

KRAS mutations hinder therapeutic efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab-based immunotherapy of EGFR+ cancers. Although cetuximab inhibits KRAS-mutated cancer cell growth in vitro by natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), KRAS-mutated colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells escape NK cell immunosurveillance in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we used cetuximab and panitumumab to redirect Fcγ chimeric receptor (CR) T cells against KRAS-mutated HCT116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells.

Recent perspective on CAR and Fcγ-CR T cell immunotherapy for cancers: Preclinical evidence versus clinical outcomes.

The chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) immunotherapy currently represents a hot research trend and it is expected to revolutionize the field of cancer therapy. Promising outcomes have been achieved using CAR-T cell therapy for haematological malignancies. Despite encouraging results, several challenges still pose eminent hurdles before being fully recognized.

FCγ Chimeric Receptor-Engineered T Cells: Methodology, Advantages, Limitations, and Clinical Relevance.

For many years, disappointing results have been generated by many investigations, which have utilized a variety of immunologic strategies to enhance the ability of a patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. However, in recent years, immunotherapy has been used successfully for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. The impressive clinical responses observed in many types of cancer have convinced even the most skeptical clinical oncologists that a patient's immune system can recognize and reject his tumor if appropriate strategies are implemented.

Enhancement of anti-leukemia activity of NK cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of leukemia cell-induced NK cell damage.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells induce, in vitro, NK cell abnormalities (NKCAs) including apoptosis and activating receptor down-regulation. The potential negative impact of AML cells on the therapeutic efficacy of NK cell-based strategies prompted us to analyze the mechanisms underlying NKCAs and to develop approaches to protect NK cells from NKCAs. NKCA induction by the AML leukemia cells target a subpopulation of peripheral blood NK cells and is interleukin-2 independent but is abrogated by a long-term culture of NK (LTNK) cells at 37°C.

Liver protein profiles in insulin receptor-knockout mice reveal novel molecules involved in the diabetes pathophysiology.

Liver has a principal role in glucose regulation and lipids homeostasis. It is under a complex control by substrates such as hormones, nutrients, and neuronal impulses. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein synthesis and inhibits gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and VLDL secretion by modifying the expression and enzymatic activity of specific molecules.

NK cells and T cells cooperate during the clinical course of colorectal cancer.

Recent evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells are typically defective in infiltrating solid tumors, with the exception of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Interestingly, however, infrequently infiltrating NK cells do not appear to have a direct effect on tumor progression. Here, prompted by the recent evidence that NK cell and T cell crosstalk may trigger, or enhance, tumor antigen-specific immune responses, we have tested the clinical significance of this reciprocal signaling.

HLA-DRB1*13:01 allele in the genetic susceptibility to colorectal carcinoma.

Increasing evidence suggests that HLA-DRB1 alleles reduce or increase the risk of developing ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tumors. However, the role of HLA-DRB1 locus on the susceptibility to develop CRC tumor, in the absence of a history of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine whether HLA-DRB1 alleles are associated with IBD-independent CRC tumor.

Serum glucocorticoid inducible kinase (SGK)-1 protects endothelial cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by hyperglycaemia.

Diabetic hyperglycaemia causes endothelial dysfunction mainly by impairing endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. Moreover, hyperglycaemia activates several noxious cellular pathways including apoptosis, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and diminishing Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity which exacerbate vascular damage. Serum glucocorticoid kinase (SGK)-1, a member of the serine/threonine kinases, plays a pivotal role in regulating NO production through inducible NO synthase activation and other cellular mechanisms.

Peroxiredoxin 6, a novel player in the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Enhanced oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is a key regulator of cellular redox balance, with the peculiar ability to neutralize peroxides, peroxynitrite, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. In the current study, we aimed to define the role of PRDX6 in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) using PRDX6 knockout (-/-) mice.

HLA class II antigen expression in colorectal carcinoma tumors as a favorable prognostic marker.

The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of HLA class II antigen expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tumors, its association with the clinical course of the disease, and the underlying mechanism(s). Two tissue microarrays constructed with 220 and 778 CRC tumors were stained with HLA-DR, DQ, and DP antigen-specific monoclonal antibody LGII-612.14, using the immunoperoxidase staining technique.