Closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation enables high-fidelity fatigue-resistant muscle control.

Closed-loop neuroprostheses show promise in restoring motion in individuals with neurological conditions. However, conventional activation strategies based on functional electrical stimulation (FES) fail to accurately modulate muscle force and exhibit rapid fatigue because of their unphysiological recruitment mechanism. Here, we present a closed-loop control framework that leverages physiological force modulation under functional optogenetic stimulation (FOS) to enable high-fidelity muscle control for extended periods of time (>60 minutes) in vivo.

Intraocular pressure profile following selective laser trabeculoplasty in pigmentary and primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) profile and the incidence of IOP spikes following selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) between pigmentary glaucoma (PG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Materials And Methods: Retrospective comparative study of 65 PG eyes of 51 patients matched with 65 POAG eyes of 65 patients who received SLT. Matching was done based on age, gender, glaucoma severity, pre-laser IOP, and number of medications.

Lattice-Mismatch-Driven Small-Angle Moiré Twists in Epitaxially Grown 2D Vertical Layered Heterostructures.

Artificially introduced small twist angles at the interfaces of vertical layered heterostructures (VLHs) have allowed deterministic tuning of electronic and optical properties such as strongly correlated electronic phases and Moiré excitons. But creating a Moiré twist in van der Waals (vdWs) systems by manual stacking is challenging in reproducibility, uniformity, and accuracy of the twist angle, which hinders future studies. Here, it is demonstrated that contrary to the commonly believed 0°-orientation in vdWs epitaxy, these VLHs show small twist angles controlled by the low-order commensurate phase with low energy and local atomic relaxation.

Surgical Management of Glaucoma Secondary to Bilateral Acute Iris Transillumination: A Role for Gonioscopy-assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy.

Purpose: We report a case of bilateral acute iris transillumination (BAIT) in a young woman associated with ocular hypertension which eventually progressed to glaucoma that was treated with gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculectomy (GATT).

Case Report: A 37-year-old otherwise healthy female presented with intermittently red and inflamed eyes and blurred vision. She was treated with oral moxifloxacin months prior to presentation.

Effect of shunt type on rates of tube-cornea touch and corneal decompensation after tube shunt surgery in uveitic glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of tube shunt type [Ahmed (AGV) versus Baerveldt (BGI)] on the frequency of tube-cornea touch and corneal decompensation after tube shunt surgery.

Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 145 eyes of 130 patients with uveitic glaucoma who underwent AGV (75 eyes) or BGI (70 eyes) implantations. Electronic medical records were reviewed to document demographic factors, intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, frequency of tube-cornea touch, corneal decompensation, and need for subsequent corneal transplantation.

Ahmed Versus Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Device in Uveitic Glaucoma: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

Precis: Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device demonstrated a greater reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) than Ahmed in patients with uveitic glaucoma. The most common cause of failure was uncontrolled IOP in Ahmed and hypotony in the Baerveldt group.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of Ahmed and Baerveldt glaucoma drainage devices in uveitic glaucoma.

Atomic structure and defect dynamics of monolayer lead iodide nanodisks with epitaxial alignment on graphene.

Lead Iodide (PbI) is a large bandgap 2D layered material that has potential for semiconductor applications. However, atomic level study of PbI monolayer has been limited due to challenges in obtaining thin crystals. Here, we use liquid exfoliation to produce monolayer PbI nanodisks (30-40 nm in diameter and > 99% monolayer purity) and deposit them onto suspended graphene supports to enable atomic structure study of PbI.

Direct Laser Patterning and Phase Transformation of 2D PdSe Films for On-Demand Device Fabrication.

Heterophase homojunction formation in atomically thin 2D layers is of great importance for next-generation nanoelectronics and optoelectronics applications. Technologically challenging, controllable transformation between the semiconducting and metallic phases of transition metal chalcogenides is of particular importance. Here, we demonstrate that controlled laser irradiation can be used to directly ablate PdSe thin films using high power or trigger the local transformation of PdSe into a metallic phase PdSe using lower laser power.

New glaucoma medications: latanoprostene bunod, netarsudil, and fixed combination netarsudil-latanoprost.

Reduction of intraocular pressure is the only proven method to treat glaucoma. Initial treatment of glaucoma commonly involves using anti-glaucoma medications either as monotherapy or combination therapy. Studies on aqueous humour dynamics have contributed to our understanding of aqueous outflow mechanisms that have led to the discovery of new drugs.

Fixed combination netarsudil-latanoprost for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

: Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor for prevention and treatment of glaucoma. Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are a new class of glaucoma medications introduced recently with novel mechanisms of action and favorable safety profiles. Latanoprost, a common first line drug used for treatment of glaucoma, does not adequately control pressures in all cases.

Striated 2D Lattice with Sub-nm 1D Etch Channels by Controlled Thermally Induced Phase Transformations of PdSe.

2D crystals are typically uniform and periodic in-plane with stacked sheet-like structure in the out-of-plane direction. Breaking the in-plane 2D symmetry by creating unique lattice structures offers anisotropic electronic and optical responses that have potential in nanoelectronics. However, creating nanoscale-modulated anisotropic 2D lattices is challenging and is mostly done using top-down lithographic methods with ≈10 nm resolution.

Strong Opto-Structural Coupling in Low Dimensional GeSe Films.

Chalcogenide glasses as nanoscale thin films have become leading candidates for several optical and photonic technologies, ranging from reflective displays and filters to photonic memories. Current material systems, however, show strong optical absorption which limits their performance efficiencies and complicates device level integration. Herein, we report sputter deposited thin films of GeSe, which are low loss and in which the flexible nature of the atomic structure results in thermally activated tunability in the refractive index as well as in the film's physical volume.

Atomic Structure and Dynamics of Defects and Grain Boundaries in 2D PdSe Monolayers.

We study the atomic structure and dynamics of defects and grain boundaries in monolayer PdSe using annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The PdSe monolayers are reproducibly created by thermally induced phase transformation of few-layered PdSe films in an heating holder in the TEM to promote Se loss. A variety of point vacancies, one-dimensional defects, grain boundaries (GBs), and defect ring complexes are directly observed in monolayer PdSe, which show a series of dynamics triggered by electron beam irradiation.

High-Performance WS Monolayer Light-Emitting Tunneling Devices Using 2D Materials Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition.

The solid progress in the study of a single two-dimensional (2D) material underpins the development for creating 2D material assemblies with various electronic and optoelectronic properties. We introduce an asymmetric structure by stacking monolayer semiconducting tungsten disulfide, metallic graphene, and insulating boron nitride to fabricate numerous red channel light-emitting devices (LEDs). All the 2D crystals were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which has great potential for future industrial scale-up.

Quantification of RAPD by an automated pupillometer in asymmetric glaucoma and its correlation with manual pupillary assessment.

Purpose: The relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is an important sign of asymmetrical retinal ganglion cell damage. The purpose of this study was to quantify RAPD by a pupillometer (RAPiDo, Neuroptics) and assess its correlation with asymmetric glaucoma and manual pupillary assessment.

Methods: A total of 173 subjects were enrolled in the study and categorized into glaucoma, n = 130, and control, n = 43.

Are Buckminsterfullerenes Molecular Ball Bearings?

Buckminsterfullerenes (C) are near-spherical molecules, which freely rotate at room temperature in the solid state and when dissolved in solution. An intriguing question arises as to whether C molecules can act as "molecular ball bearings," that is, preventing direct contact between two solid surfaces while simultaneously dissipating shear stress through fast rotation. To explore this, we performed measurements of friction across a solution of C in the boundary lubrication regime.

Direct Imaging of Photoswitching Molecular Conformations Using Individual Metal Atom Markers.

Photoswitching behavior of individual organic molecules was imaged by annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) using a highly electron beam transparent graphene support. Photoswitching azobenzene derivatives with ligands at each end containing single transition-metal atoms (Pt) were designed (Pt-complex), and the distance between the strong ADF-STEM contrast from the two Pt atoms in each Pt-complex is used to track molecular length changes. UV irradiation was used to induce photoswitching of the Pt complex on graphene, and we show that the measured Pt-Pt distances within isolated molecules decrease from ∼2.

In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor.

We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (GdN@C) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Nanophthalmos With and Without Prophylactic Sclerostomy.

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate visual outcomes and complications during and after cataract surgery with or without prophylactic sclerostomy in nanophthalmic eyes with visually significant cataract.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Sixty nanophthalmic eyes of 60 patients with visually significant cataract were randomly assigned to cataract surgery alone (control group, n = 31) or cataract surgery with concomitant prophylactic sclerostomy (sclerostomy group, n = 29).

Defects in the ratio of the dynein isoform, DHC11 in the long-flagella mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The long-flagella mutants (lf1, lf2, lf3 and lf4) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are defective in proteins that are required for the assembly of normal flagella, their phenotype being long flagella. In a previous study, we biophysically characterized these mutants for their waveform patterns, swimming speeds, beat frequencies and correlated these parameters with their flagellar lengths. We found an anomaly in this correlation and set out to explore the underlying molecular significance, if any.

Effect of buprenorphine as an adjunct with plain local anesthetic solution in supraclavicular brachial plexus block on quality and duration of postoperative analgesia.

Background And Aims: Supraclavicular brachial plexus block is ideal for upper limb surgical procedures. Buprenorphine, an agonist antagonist opioid has been used as an adjunct to prolong analgesia. We aimed to evaluate the quality and duration of postoperative analgesia by addition of buprenorphine to local anesthetic solution.

Biochemical and biophysical analyses of concerted (U5/U3) integration.

Retrovirus integrase (IN) integrates the viral linear DNA genome ( approximately 10 kb) into a host chromosome, a step which is essential for viral replication. Integration occurs via a nucleoprotein complex, termed the preintegration complex (PIC). This article focuses on the reconstitution of synaptic complexes from purified components whose molecular properties mirror those of the PIC, including the efficient concerted integration of two ends of linear viral DNA into target DNA.

Transcriptional coactivator LEDGF/p75 modulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase-mediated concerted integration.

Human transcriptional coactivator p75/lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) binds human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN). We studied the effects of LEDGF on the assembly and activity of HIV-1 synaptic complexes, which, upon association with a target, mediate concerted integration of viral DNA substrates in vitro. We found that while augmenting single-ended viral DNA integration into target DNA, the host factor was able to either stimulate or abrogate concerted integration in a concentration-dependent manner.

Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase exhibits a capacity for full-site integration in vitro that is comparable to that of purified preintegration complexes from virus-infected cells.

Retrovirus preintegration complexes (PIC) in virus-infected cells contain the linear viral DNA genome (approximately 10 kbp), viral proteins including integrase (IN), and cellular proteins. After transport of the PIC into the nucleus, IN catalyzes the concerted insertion of the two viral DNA ends into the host chromosome. This successful insertion process is termed "full-site integration.