Tumor necrosis factor-alpha attenuates thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelial cell line XLgoo established from Xenopus tadpole tails.

Amphibian metamorphosis induced by T(3) involves programmed cell death and the differentiation of various types of cells in degenerated and reconstructed tissues. However, the signaling pathway that directs the T(3)-dependent cell-fate determinations remains unclear. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic cytokine that affects diverse cellular responses.