Boosting Therapeutic Effect of Turmeric, Coffee, and Chili Extracts Through Experimental Design and Encapsulation as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Novel Heath Supplements.

This study investigates the potential synergistic effects of extracts from (turmeric), (Arabica coffee beans), and (chili peppers) in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Using a systematic design of experiment (DoE) optimization approach, an optimal extract ratio of 1:3:4 (turmeric: coffee: chili) was identified. The efficacy of the extract combination was assessed through various antioxidant assays, inhibition of inflammation-related gene expression, and safety testing via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Aggregate Determination by Permeation Technique.

Permeation technique is used to study molecular aggregation in aqueous solutions including formation of cyclodextrin guest/host aggregates. Since only guest molecules, host molecules and guest/host aggregates that are smaller than the pore size of a given semipermeable membrane are able to permeate through the membrane, negative deviation of permeation profiles indicates formation of guest/host aggregates or self-aggregates. This chapter describes how the method is used to detect formation of nano-sized aggregates and to determine the critical aggregation concentration (cac) from permeation profiles of a guest molecule.

Self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes: detection, obstacles and benefits.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that form water-soluble inclusion complexes of lipophilic molecules. They are commonly used as pharmaceutical excipients. Recently it has been observed that CDs and CD complexes self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form transient clusters, nanoparticles and small microparticles.

Characterization and Evaluation of Ternary Complexes of Ascorbic Acid with γ-Cyclodextrin and Poly(vinyl Alcohol).

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a general antioxidant used in aqueous pharmaceutical formulations. However, in aqueous solutions, AA is unstable and easily oxidized when exposed to air, light and/or heat. Cyclodextrins are well known for their ability to form inclusion complexes with various compounds to improve their solubility and stability.

Self-association of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin complexes in aqueous solutions.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides that self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form transient clusters, nanoparticles and small microparticles. The critical aggregation concentration (cac) of the natural αCD, βCD and γCD in pure aqueous solutions was estimated to be 25, 8 and 9 mg/ml, respectively. The cac of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), that consists of mixture of isomers, was estimated to be significantly higher or 118 mg/ml.

Solubility of Cyclodextrins and Drug/Cyclodextrin Complexes.

Cyclodextrins (CDs), a group of oligosaccharides formed by glucose units bound together in a ring, show a promising ability to form complexes with drug molecules and improve their physicochemical properties without molecular modifications. The stoichiometry of drug/CD complexes is most frequently 1:1. However, natural CDs have a tendency to self-assemble and form aggregates in aqueous media.

Cyclodextrin complexes of a globular protein and a lipophilic oligopeptide: the effect of structure and physicochemical properties.

Cyclosporine A (CyA) is a lipophilic oligopeptide that has a very limited solubility in water of only 0.008 mg/ml at ambient temperature. It has the ability to form inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin (CD) whose complexes can self-assemble to form aggregates.

γ-Cyclodextrin.

γ-Cyclodextrin (γCD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide formed by bacterial digestion of starch and used as solubilizing agent and stabilizer in a variety of pharmaceutical and food products. γCD is a large (molecular weight 1297Da) hydrophilic molecule that does not readily permeate biological membranes and is rapidly digested by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In humans γCD is metabolized by α-amylase that is found in, for example, saliva, bile fluid and tears.

The self-assemble of natural cyclodextrins in aqueous solutions: Application of miniature permeation studies for critical aggregation concentration (cac) determinations.

Permeation techniques can be applied to determine the critical aggregation concentration (cac) of natural cyclodextrins (CDs) in aqueous solutions although the method is both laborious and time consuming. In the present study, the permeation technique was modified and the influence of osmotic pressure, sampling time, CD concentration and molecular weight-cut off (MWCO) of the membrane were investigated in two different permeation units, that is Franz diffusion cells and Slide-A-Lyzer™ MINI Dialysis. While both the osmotic pressure and CD concentration affect the steady state flux in both permeation units, effects of sampling time and the MWCO of the mounted membrane were only observed in the Franz diffusion cells.

Self-Assembly of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes in Aqueous Solutions.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enabling pharmaceutical excipients that can be found in numerous pharmaceutical products worldwide. Because of their favorable toxicologic profiles, CDs are often used in toxicologic and phase I assessments of new drug candidates. However, at relatively high concentrations, CDs can spontaneously self-assemble to form visible microparticles in aqueous mediums and formation of such visible particles may cause product rejections.

A New Approach for Quantitative Determination of γ-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solutions: Application in Aggregate Determinations and Solubility in Hydrocortisone/γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex.

Fast and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with charged aerosol detector (CAD) was developed for quantitation of γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) in aqueous solutions. The chromatographic system consisted of a C18 column (i.e.

Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nano- and microparticles and their physicochemical characteristics.

Metastable polymer/cyclodextrin nano- and microparticles (NPs) were prepared from low molecular weight chitosan (CS), Mw about 10 kDa, and sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD). CS is a cationic polysaccharide containing numerous protonated amino groups (pKa about 6.5).