Carboxymethylation of β-Glucan from Pythium insidiosum: Structural characterization and preliminary adsorption evaluation of DON and T2 toxin.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of carboxymethylation on the structural and functional properties of β-glucan derived from the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. β-Glucan was extracted and subjected to carboxymethylation (CM-glucan), with structural changes analyzed using C and H NMR spectroscopy. The modified β-glucan's ability to adsorb mycotoxins, specifically deoxynivalenol (DON) and T2 toxin, was assessed through in vitro adsorption assays.

Equidae pythiosis in Brazil and the world: a systematic review of the last 63 years (1960-2023).

This systematic review compiles reports of clinical pythiosis in horses, mules and donkeys from 1960 to 2023 worldwide, focusing on Brazil. We searched databases and included 71 articles detailing clinical characteristics, geographic distribution, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, therapies, and outcomes. The results showed that publications on equine pythiosis have significantly increased since 2010.

Pythium insidiosum: In vitro oomicidal evaluation of telithromycin and interactions with azithromycin and amorolfine hydrochloride.

This study evaluated the repositioning of the ketolide antibacterial telithromycin (TLT) against the oomycete Pythium insidiosum and verified the combination of TLT and the antimicrobials azithromycin (AZM) and amorolfine hydrochloride (AMR), which have known anti-P. insidiosum activity. Susceptibility tests of P.

Epidemiology of horse pythiosis in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso: Exploring the host-parasite-vector relationship.

Horse pythiosis is considered an endemic disease in the Brazilian Pantanal region, causing devastating health and economic losses. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of pythiosis epidemiology, map the distribution of horse body lesions, and investigate the correlation between these lesions and warm body surface areas, potentially implicating hematophagous vectors in the disease's transmission. A prospective study was conducted on equids in the Pantanal Mato-grossense and adjacent areas from 2012 to 2022, with 112 horses and three mules diagnosed with pythiosis.

Pythium insidiosum: insights into biofilm formation and antibiofilm activity of antifungal drugs.

In this study, we investigate the ability of Pythium insidiosum to form biofilms across various substrates and the antibiofilm efficacy of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (8-HQs). Biofilms of P. insidiosum were cultured on polystyrene plates, contact lenses, and horsehair.

Use of recombinant S1 protein with hFc for analysis of SARS-CoV-2 adsorption and evaluation of drugs that inhibit entry into VERO E6 cells.

The significant number of deaths and infection caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has created an urgent demand for effective and readily available drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. However, the requirements for biosafety level 3 (NB-3) laboratories for experiments with the virus has made it very challenging for such research to meet this demand. It is known that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), located on the surface of host cells, serves as the viral receptor for the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2.

Oomicidal activity of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Pythium insidiosum.

This study evaluated in-vitro action of a new molecule, the polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy-NP), against Pythium insidiosum isolates using M38-A2/CLSI; the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal oomicidal (MOC) concentrations were also determined. Additionally, changes in the hyphae wall of P. insidiosum CBS 575.

Clioquinol and 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonamide derivatives damage the cell wall of Pythium insidiosum.

Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity and to determine the pharmacodynamic characteristics of three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (8-HQs) against Pythium insidiosum, the causative agent of pythiosis.

Methods And Results: Antimicrobial activity was tested by broth microdilution and MTT assays. The antimicrobial mode of action was investigated using sorbitol protection assay, ergosterol binding assay, and scanning electron microscopy.

Clioquinol and 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonamide derivatives damage the cell wall of Pythium insidiosum.

Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity and to determine the pharmacodynamic characteristics of three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (8-HQs) against Pythium insidiosum, the causative agent of pythiosis.

Methods And Results: Antimicrobial activity was tested by broth microdilution and MTT assays. The antimicrobial mode of action was investigated using sorbitol protection assay, ergosterol binding assay, and scanning electron microscopy.

Mefenoxam and pyraclostrobin: toxicity and in vitro inhibitory activity against Pythium insidiosum.

The objective of this study is to verify in vitro susceptibility of Pythium insidiosum against the agricultural fungicides mefenoxam and pyraclostrobin and evaluate the toxicity of both compounds. Twenty-one P. insidiosum isolates were tested against mefenoxam and pyraclostrobin using the broth microdilution method.

In vitro activity of immunosuppressive agents against Cryptococcus neoformans.

Introduction: Infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans are a major cause of fungal mortality in HIV-infected/AIDS patients and in those receiving organ transplants. We evaluated the in vitro activity of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in combination with amphotericin B and fluconazole against C. neoformans.

Anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of MSI-78, LL-37, and magainin-2 antimicrobial peptides.

We investigated the anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) MSI-78, LL-37, and magainin-2. To detect the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fourteen clinical strains were incubated with the AMPs following the CLSI M38-A2 protocol. All three AMPs showed antimicrobial activity with an MIC range of 20-80 mg/L against all strains.

In vitro activity of the antimicrobial peptides h-Lf1-11, MSI-78, LL-37, fengycin 2B, and magainin-2 against clinically important bacteria.

We investigated the antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial peptides h-Lf1-11, MSI-78, LL-37, fengycin 2B, and magainin-2. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution technique according to CLSI (M07-A9, 2012) against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The MSI-78 showed potent bactericidal activity with MIC range of 1.

Investigation of powerful fungicidal activity of tetra-cationic platinum(II) and palladium(II) porphyrins by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy assays.

This manuscript reports enhanced antimicrobial photoinactivation using tetra-cationic porphyrins with peripheral platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes against fungal dermatophyte strains. Six different positively charged porphyrins were used and applied in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy experiments (aPDT) against dermatophyte fungi colonies. The microbiological tests were conducted with an adequate concentration of photosensitizer (PS) under white-light irradiation for 120 min and the most effective PS meta isomer 3PtP significantly reduced the concentration of viable fungal colony.

Inclusion of a phytogenic bend in broiler diet as a performance enhancer and anti-aflatoxin agent: Impacts on health, performance, and meat quality.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a phytogenic blend (PB), formulated based on organic acids, tannins, curcumin, and essential oils, could replace the antimicrobials commonly used as growth promoters in the poultry industry without compromising zootechnical performance, health, or meat quality. In addition, our goal was to report the anti-aflatoxin effect of this phytogenic blend. Four treatments were used: TC, or control; T250, T500, and T1000, representing test doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg PB/kg of feed, respectively, or a 34-day experiment (initial and growth phases).

Activity of MSI-78, h-Lf1-11 and cecropin B antimicrobial peptides alone and in combination with voriconazole and amphotericin B against clinical isolates of Fusarium solani.

Fusarium infections have been associated with high mortality rates due to the lack of definition of an ideal treatment strategy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potential antifungal activity. Therefore, investigating the in vitro activity of these molecules alone and in association with conventional antifungals against clinical isolates of Fusarium was the aim of this study.

Short communication: Algicide activity of antimicrobial peptides compounds against Prototheca bovis.

This study evaluated the in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides pexiganan (MSI-78), h-Lf1-11, LL-37, cecropin B, magainin-2, and fengycin B against the veterinary mastitis agent Prototheca bovis. The results showed that pexiganan, h-Lf1-11, LL-37, and cecropin B were able to inhibit the growth and had effect on algicide P. bovis isolates (n = 32).

In vitro activity of immunosuppressive agents against Cryptococcus neoformans.

Introduction: Infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans are a major cause of fungal mortality in HIV-infected/AIDS patients and in those receiving organ transplants. We evaluated the in vitro activity of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in combination with amphotericin B and fluconazole against C. neoformans.

Cytoprotective effects of curcumin and silymarin on PK-15 cells exposed to ochratoxin A, fumonisin B and deoxynivalenol.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungus which cause worldwide concern regarding food and feed safety. Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B (FB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are some of the main mycotoxins and oxidative stress is the main mechanism of toxicity. Thereby, this study investigates the in vitro cytoprotective effects of curcumin (CUR) and silymarin (SIL) - known for their strong antioxidant activity - in PK-15 cells exposed to OTA, FB and DON.

In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, alone and in combination.

Pythium insidiosum infections have been widely studied in an attempt to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for the treatment of human and animal pythiosis. Several antifungal agents are still prescribed against this oomycete, although they present contradictory results. To evaluate the susceptibility profile and to verify the morphological alterations in P.

Immunotherapy based on Pythium insidiosum mycelia drives a Th1/Th17 response in mice.

Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that affects mammals, especially humans and horses, causing a difficult-to-treat disease. Typically, surgical interventions associated with antimicrobial therapy, immunotherapy, or both are the preferred treatment choices. PitiumVac® is a therapeutic vaccine prepared from the mycelial mass of P.

In vivo effect of minocycline alone and in combination with immunotherapy against pythium insidiosum.

This study examined the effect of minocycline alone and in combination with immunotherapy against pythiosis. Twenty rabbits, aged three months old and subcutaneously inoculated with Pythium insidiosum zoospores were divided into four groups (n = 5): treated with minocycline (10 mg/kg/day twice daily), treated with immunotherapy (34 mg subcutaneously every 14 days), treated with minocycline plus immunotherapy, and untreated (control group). The treatments were started 30 days after inoculation and continued for 70 days.

New insights on evolutionary aspects of Pythium insidiosum and other peronosporaleans.

Background: The evolution of pathogenic mechanisms is a major challenge, which requires a thorough comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships of pathogens. Peronosporaleans encompasses a heterogeneous group of oomycetes that includes some animal/human pathogens, like Pythium insidiosum.

Objective: We analysed here the phylogenetic positioning and other evolutionary aspects related to this species and other peronosporaleans, using a multi-locus approach with one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes.

Efficacy of miltefosine therapy against subcutaneous experimental pythiosis in rabbits.

We evaluated the in vitro activity of miltefosine against 29 Pythium spp. and the in vivo therapeutic response of 2mg/kg/day of miltefosine given orally to rabbit with pythiosis induced experimentally. The MICs (in μg/mL) of miltefosine was medium-dependent and ranged from 0.