Persisting Gaps in Cytomegalovirus Prevention and Management After Solid Organ Transplantation in a Resource-Limited Setting.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains among the leading complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Large international surveys mainly focused on high-income countries, detected considerable variability in the management of this infection after SOT. Limited data are available from resource-limited settings.

Interesting case from Argentina: Kidney transplant recipient with skin lesions-A Latin American perspective.

This is a case of a kidney transplant recipient who presented with skin lesions, low-grade fevers, and pancytopenia 2 months after his transplant.

Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants in Enterobacterales by international travelers from a large urban setting in Brazil.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is increased by international mobility. We present data about intestinal colonization of travelers departing from a middle-income country.

Methods: Travelers were recruited from 2015 to 2019, collected an anal stool specimen and answered a questionnaire before and after travel.

Neuroinvasive chikungunya in a liver transplant recipient.

The influence of chronic immunosuppression on the course of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT) is still unsettled. Scarce data suggest that the course of CHIKV infection is generally benign in this population. In addition, the occurrence of severe atypical manifestations associated with CHIKV has not been well documented among SOT recipients.

Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant and broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant community-acquired urinary tract infections in Rio de Janeiro: Impact of Escherichia coli genotypes ST69 and ST131.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). The increasing prevalence of CA-UTI caused by UPEC strains resistant to broad-spectrum drugs complicates clinical management of these infections. Here we assessed the prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance, genotypes and beta-lactamase genes among UPEC isolated from cases of CA-UTI in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during November 2015 to determine if the prevalence of drug-resistant CA-UTI is determined by multiple genotypes of resistant UPEC or dissemination of key lineages of UPEC.

Lack of Impact of Acute Pyelonephritis on Kidney Graft Survival.

Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection after kidney transplant. Some studies suggested that urinary tract infection could impair graft survival, but this issue remains debated. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between acute pyelonephritis (APN) and the risk of kidney graft failure.

Screening for BKV-DNAEMIA after renal transplantation in a resource limited setting.

Costs may hinder the implementation of BK polyomavirus (BKV)-DNAemia screening in resource-limited kidney transplant (KT) centers. We analyzed data from two studies to assess the performance and potential cost saving of a dual-step screening strategy based on the use of a preliminary qualitative semi-nested PCR (snPCR) assay followed by BKV-DNAemia quantification after KT. In the preliminary study, in which 130 samples from 33 KT recipients were screened for BKV-DNAemia, the estimated positive and negative predictive values of snPCR, as compared to quantitative PCR (qPCR), were 88% and 99%, respectively.

Severe Strongyloides stercoralis infection in kidney transplant recipients: A multicenter case-control study.

Background: Severe Strongyloides stercoralis infection in kidney transplant recipients is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, although little is known about the risk factors for such infection.

Methodology/principal Findings: This was a retrospective, multicenter, case-control study in which we assessed the risk factors for and clinical outcomes of severe S. stercoralis infections in kidney transplant recipients in Brazil.

Diversity of clonal types of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing infections in intensive care neonatal patients in a large urban setting.

Background: Klebsiella infections are reported from neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide, but data on their incidence and genetic diversity remain scarce.

Objective: We determined the incidence and genetic diversity of Klebsiella infections in NICU patients in Rio de Janeiro.

Methods: This was a prospective study including newborns admitted to NICU in three hospitals during April 2005-November 2006 and March 2008-February 2009.

Adherence to malaria prophylaxis among travelers from a middle-income country.

Introduction: Malaria is the main cause of death by infection among travelers and is preventable through a combination of chemoprophylaxis and personal protective measures.

Methods: Travelers were interviewed by phone 28-90 days after returning, to assess adherence to pre-travel advice for malaria prevention.

Results: A total 57 travelers were included.

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in hemodialysis patients in Angola.

To our knowledge, there are no published data on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Angola. This study aimed at assessing the distribution of HCV genotypes in seropositive hemodialysis patients in Luanda. Among 51 HCV-positive subjects included, viremia was detected in 27 (53%).

Seroprevalence of antibodies against the three serotypes of poliovirus and IPV vaccine response in adult solid organ transplant candidates.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of protective antibody titers to polioviruses in adults candidates for solid organ transplant (SOT), and to assess the immunogenic response to inactivated polio vaccine in this population.

Methods: The study included SOT candidates referred to Immunization Reference Centre of Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases from March 2013 to January 2016. It was conducted in 2 phases.

Recommendations for Management of Endemic Diseases and Travel Medicine in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors: Latin America.

The Recommendations for Management of Endemic Diseases and Travel Medicine in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors: Latin America clinical practice guideline is intended to guide clinicians caring for solid-organ transplant (SOT) donors, candidates and recipients regarding infectious diseases (ID) issues related to this geographical region, mostly located in the tropics. These recommendations are based on both systematic reviews of relevant literature and expert opinion from both transplant ID and travel medicine specialists. The guidelines provide recommendations for risk evaluation and laboratory investigation, as well as management and prevention of infection of the most relevant endemic diseases of Latin America.

BK polyomavirus genotypes Ia and Ib1 exhibit different biological properties in renal transplant recipients.

BK polyomavirus (BKV) is an opportunist agent associated with nephropathy (BKVAN) in 1-10% of kidney transplant recipients. BKV is classified into genotypes or subgroups according to minor nucleotidic variations with unknown biological implications. Studies assessing the possible association between genotypes and the risk of BKVAN in kidney transplant patients have presented conflicting results.

Respiratory Tract Infection Caused by Fonsecaea monophora After Kidney Transplantation.

Fonsecaea spp. are melanized fungi which cause most cases of chromoblastomycosis. The taxonomy of this genus has been revised, now encompassing four species, with different pathogenic potential: F.

Invasive Fungal Disease in Renal Transplant Recipients at a Brazilian Center: Local Epidemiology Matters.

Introduction: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is an important complication after solid organ transplantation (SOT). A marked geographic variation in the epidemiology of IFD after kidney transplantation (KT) has been suggested by the results of previous studies. Nevertheless, data from Latin American centers are scarce.

Quality of antenatal care as a risk factor for early onset neonatal infections in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Background: Neonatal infection is a serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the antenatal care on the risk of early-onset neonatal healthcare associated infection in two Brazilian maternities.

Methods: Cohort study - Newborns admitted at two public neonatal intensive care units from 2008 to 2009 were included in the study.

Outcome of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae after solid organ transplantation.

Introduction: Although infection with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) has been recognized as an important cause of morbidity after solid organ transplantation, there are limited data on the outcome of this complication among transplant recipients. The objective of this study was to describe the outcome and factors associated with mortality among recipients of abdominal solid organ transplants with bloodstream infection caused by ESBL-E.

Patients And Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of a case series of patients who had bacteremia caused by ESBL-E after undergoing renal or liver transplantation between January 2000 and September 2008 at a university-affiliated hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections after liver transplantation: an ever-growing challenge.

Bacterial infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant recipients. Over the last two decades, various multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have emerged as relevant causes of infection in this population. Although this fact reflects the spread of MDR pathogens in health care facilities worldwide, several factors relating to the care of transplant donor candidates and recipients render these patients particularly prone to the acquisition of MDR bacteria and increase the likelihood of MDR infectious outbreaks in transplant units.

Results of implementation of preventive recommendations for tuberculosis after renal transplantation in an endemic area.

This retrospective cohort study assessed the results of the implementation of preventive recommendations for tuberculosis (TB) among renal transplant recipients in an endemic area (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Subjects were defined as at high risk for TB if they had latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), reported recent close contact with individuals with TB or received a graft from a donor with LTBI. A 6-month course of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) was targeted to high-risk subjects.

From hepatic diseases and jaundice to viral hepatitis: the configuration of a kaleidoscope.

Viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E--systemic hepatotropic viral infections--present as acute hepatitis that, depending on the etiological agent, viral load and host conditions, may evolve into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and acute fulminant disease. The ecological versatility of these viruses, their spectrum of transmission in time and space, potentialized by the sub-clinical course of a large proportion of infections, comprise an epidemiological challenge. This essay describes scenarios and tendencies in the socioepidemiologic profile, based on the history of these infections, and indicates the need to overcome patterns, models, and protocols and instead investigate each particular situation.

A qualitative seminested PCR assay as an alternative to urine cytology for BK polyomavirus screening after renal transplantation.

Objective: Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is a major cause of graft dysfunction after kidney transplantation. Therefore, routine screening for BK polyomavirus (BKV) infection with urine cytology or quantitative PCR-based assays has been recommended. Although less expensive than quantitative tests, qualitative PCR assays are not recommended for screening based on the assumption that their diagnostic accuracy is inferior to urine cytology.