The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Capsular Tissue around the Breast Implants.

Background: One of the most common complications of the use of foreign material, in both reconstructive and cosmetic breast surgery, is capsular contracture. Historically, research on capsular contracture has focused mainly on reducing bacterial contamination through antibiotic solutions. Only secondary studies have focused on pharmacological control of the inflammation process, with particular attention paid to the main inflammation pathway, the arachidonic acid cascade.

N-Acetylcysteine causes analgesia in a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy.

N-Acetylcysteine, one of the most prescribed antioxidant drugs, enhances pain threshold in rodents and humans by activating mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Here, we assessed the analgesic activity of N-acetylcysteine in the streptozotocin model of painful diabetic neuropathy and examined the effect of N-acetylcysteine on proteins that are involved in mechanisms of nociceptive sensitization. Mice with blood glucose levels ≥250 mg/dl in response to a single intraperitoneal (i.

In Silico and In Vivo Analysis of IL37 in Multiple Sclerosis Reveals Its Probable Homeostatic Role on the Clinical Activity, Disability, and Treatment with Fingolimod.

We evaluated the in silico expression and circulating levels of interleukin (IL)37 in patients with different forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and also upon treatment with different disease-modifying drugs. The combined interpretation of the resulting data strengthens and extends the current emerging concept that endogenous IL37 plays an important role in determining onset and progression of MS. The in silico analysis revealed that production of IL37 from cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells from MS patients was reduced in vitro as compared to healthy controls.

Could the Combination of Two Non-Psychotropic Cannabinoids Counteract Neuroinflammation? Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Associated with Cannabigerol.

: Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of two non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD). The motoneuron-like cell line NSC-34 differentiated by serum deprivation and with the additional treatment of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is a valid model to investigate molecular events linked to neurodegeneration in ALS.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Involvement of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Gene Network in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive hereditary muscular disease with X-linked recessive inheritance, that leads patients to premature death. The loss of dystrophin determines membrane instability, causing cell damage and inflammatory response. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that exerts pleiotropic properties and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.

Overexpression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Its Homologue D-Dopachrome Tautomerase as Negative Prognostic Factor in Neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NB) represents one of the most frequent pediatric solid tumors. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine exerting multiple biological functions. More recently, a second member of the MIF family of cytokine has been identified, the D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), that exerts several overlapping functions with MIF.

Identification of CD4+ T cell biomarkers for predicting the response of patients with relapsing‑remitting multiple sclerosis to natalizumab treatment.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system of autoimmune etiopathogenesis, and is characterized by various neurological symptoms. Glatiramer acetate and interferon‑β are administered as first‑line treatments for this disease. In non‑responsive patients, several second‑line therapies are available, including natalizumab; however, a percentage of MS patients does not respond, or respond partially.

Prevention of clinical and histological signs of MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by prolonged treatment with recombinant human EGF.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) represents the prototype of the group I EGF family. The pleiotropic effects of the EGF have attracted attention to the possibility that it could be implicated in autoimmune diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We show here that treatment with EGF, as a late prophylactic regime, improved the clinical and histological features of EAE, a preclinical model of MS.

Use of Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Efficacy and Security in Clinical Trials.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the cannabinoids with non-psychotropic action, extracted from . CBD is a terpenophenol and it has received a great scientific interest thanks to its medical applications. This compound showed efficacy as anti-seizure, antipsychotic, neuroprotective, antidepressant and anxiolytic.

Senescence as a main mechanism of Ritonavir and Ritonavir-NO action against melanoma.

The main focus of this study is exploring the effect and mechanism of two HIV-protease inhibitors: Ritonavir and Ritonavir-nitric oxide (Ritonavir-NO) on in vitro growth of melanoma cell lines. NO modification significantly improved the antitumor potential of Ritonavir, as the IC values of Ritonavir-NO were approximately two times lower than IC values of the parental compound. Our results showed for the first time, that both compounds induced senescence in primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines.

Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with vesicular moringin nanostructures as a new therapeutic approach in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that arises from a primary acute mechanical lesion, followed by a pathophysiological cascade of events that leads to further spinal cord tissue damage. Several preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted the ability of stem cell therapy to improve long-term functional recovery in SCI. Previously, we demonstrated that moringin (MOR) treatment accelerates the differentiation process in mesenchymal stem cells inducing an early up-regulation of neural development associated genes.

The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches.

Neuropathic pain is characterized by abnormal hypersensitivity to stimuli (hyperalgesia) and nociceptive responses to non-noxious stimuli (allodynia). The conditions and the pathophysiological states that determine the onset of neuropathic pain are heterogeneous, such as metabolic disorders, neuropathy caused by viral infections, and autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathic pain in the general population is estimated to have a prevalence ranging between 3% and 17%.

KCNMA1 Expression is Downregulated in Colorectal Cancer via Epigenetic Mechanisms.

is a gene located at 10q22 that encodes the pore-forming α-subunit of the large-conductance Ca-activated K⁺ channel. is down-regulated in gastric carcinoma tumors, through hypermethylation of its promoter. In the present study, we have evaluated the expression levels of both in a mouse model of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) and in human CRC samples.

Differential modulation and prognostic values of immune-escape genes in uveal melanoma.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the immunological features of primary UM cancer and to provide an association with prognostic markers and outcome. Also, we assessed the influence of the microenvironment on the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints in UM.

Decitabine induces regulatory T cells, inhibits the production of IFN-gamma and IL-17 and exerts preventive and therapeutic efficacy in rodent experimental autoimmune neuritis.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated acute disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Despite treatment, there is an associated mortality and severe disability in 9 to 17% of the cases. Decitabine (DAC) is a hypomethylating drug used in myelodisplastic syndrome, that has been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects.

Pathogenic role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in glioblastoma and its targeting with specific inhibitors as novel tailored therapeutic approach.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by a variety of cell types. Although MIF has been primarily studied for its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, it has also been shown to promote tumorigenesis and it is over expressed in various malignant tumors. MIF is able to induce angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, and to block apoptosis.

The Role of Macrophages in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Pathways of Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenetic Cellular Effectors and Potential Therapeutic Targets.

In physiological conditions, different types of macrophages can be found within the central nervous system (CNS), i.e., microglia, meningeal macrophages, and perivascular (blood-brain barrier) and choroid plexus (blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier) macrophages.

Preclinical evaluation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in animal models of multiple sclerosis.

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signalling pathway that regulates cell activation. proliferation, metabolism and apoptosis. Increasing body of data suggests that alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may result in an enhanced susceptibility to autoimmunity.

Involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1/CO axis and therapeutic intervention with the CO-releasing molecule CORM-A1, in a murine model of autoimmune hepatitis.

Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis is an experimental model of human autoimmune hepatitis induced in rodents by i.v. injection of Con A.

Expression of DNA methylation genes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunoinflammatory disease of the central nervous system that seems to be influenced by DNA methylation. We sought to explore the expression pattern of genes involved in the control of DNA methylation in Secondary Progressive (SP) MS patients' PBMCs. We have found that SP MS is characterized by a significant upregulation of two genes belonging to the MBD family genes, MBD2 and MBD4, and by a downregulation of TDG and TET3.

Identification of novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the hepatic parenchyma and represents an intrinsic response to chronic injury, maintaining organ integrity when extensive necrosis or apoptosis occurs. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cell type responsible for liver fibrosis. Following liver injury, HSCs become activated and transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts (MFBs) that lead to intrahepatic ECM accumulation.

Effects of NO-Hybridization on the Immunomodulatory Properties of the HIV Protease Inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir.

HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are antiretroviral agents, which have been found to also affect several cellular processes, such as inflammation and cell progression. In studies on non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) moiety has been shown to both reduce their toxicity and enhance their pharmacological efficacy. Along this line of research, several derivatives of PIs have been synthesized by covalent attachment of NO moiety to the parental molecules.

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-A1 (CORM-A1) improves clinical signs of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in rats.

Uveitis is a sight-threatening inflammatory disease of the eye which represents the third leading cause of blindness in the developed countries. The conventional pharmacological treatment includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, which are limited by their side effects. New therapeutic strategies are thus strongly needed.

Saquinavir-NO inhibits IL-6 production in macrophages.

Covalent attachment of the nitric oxide (NO) moiety to the HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir (Saq) produced a new chemical entity, named Saquinavir-NO, (Saq-NO) with reduced toxicity and potent immunoregulatory influence on T lymphocytes. In this study, we have compared head-to-head the effects of Saq-NO and Saq on mouse and rat peritoneal macrophage cytokine secretion and NO production upon in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo conditions. The results demonstrate that Saq-NO, but not Saq, potently decreased interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6 and nitrite accumulation and increased the levels of IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in supernatants of mouse and rat macrophage cultures in vitro.