Frozen section assessment in testicular and paratesticular lesions suspicious for malignancy: its role in preventing unnecessary orchiectomy.

To investigate the role of frozen section assessment in sparing unnecessary orchiectomy for suspected lesions, we retrospectively reviewed intraoperative testicular and paratesticular frozen section assessments performed at our institution between the years 1993 and 2010. Frozen section assessments were performed on 45 testicular lesions (age, 5-60 [mean, 32.2] years; lesion size, 0.

Skp2 overexpression is associated with loss of BRCA2 protein in human prostate cancer.

BRCA2 (breast cancer 2, early onset) is a tumor suppressor gene that confers increased susceptibility for prostate cancer (PCa). Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that Skp2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase aberrantly overexpressed in PCa, is involved in the proteolytic degradation of BRCA2 in PCa cells, suggesting that the BRCA2-Skp2 interaction may play a role in prostate tumorigenesis. Herein, we investigated BRCA2 and Skp2 expression during PCa development using a prostate TMA.

Mitochondrial DNA depletion in prostate epithelial cells promotes anoikis resistance and invasion through activation of PI3K/Akt2.

Neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelium involves aberrant activation of anti-apoptotic and pro-invasive pathways triggered by multiple poorly understood genetic events. We demonstrated earlier that depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) induces prostate cancer progression. Here, using normal prostate epithelial PNT1A cells we demonstrate that mtDNA depletion prevents detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis) and promotes migratory capabilities onto basement membrane proteins through upregulation of p85 and p110 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunits, which results in Akt2 activation and phosphorylation of downstream substrates GSK3beta, c-Myc, MMP-9, Mdm2, and p53.

Tissue elasticity properties as biomarkers for prostate cancer.

In this paper we evaluate tissue elasticity as a longstanding but qualitative biomarker for prostate cancer and sonoelastography as an emerging imaging tool for providing qualitative and quantitative measurements of prostate tissue stiffness. A Kelvin-Voigt Fractional Derivative (KVFD) viscoelastic model was used to characterize mechanical stress relaxation data measured from human prostate tissue samples. Mechanical testing results revealed that the viscosity parameter for cancerous prostate tissue is greater than that derived from normal tissue by a factor of approximately 2.

CD44 expression is a feature of prostatic small cell carcinoma and distinguishes it from its mimickers.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is a rare variant of prostatic cancer that shares morphologic similarity with prostatic adenocarcinoma of Gleason 5 pattern. It has also been considered morphologically and immunohistochemically indistinguishable from small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of other origins. CD44 is a cell-surface molecule proposed to identify cancer stem/progenitor cells in prostate cancer.

Expression of claudin-7 in benign kidney and kidney tumors.

Claudins, a family of tight junction-related transmembrane proteins, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human neoplasms. Expression of claudin-7 was increased in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a recent oligonucleotide microarray study. We studied the expression of claudin-7 in benign and neoplastic kidneys by immunohistochemical staining.

Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney with sarcomatoid differentiation.

We report a unique case of mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSC) of the kidney with extensive sarcomatoid differentiation, multiple metastases, and a rapidly fatal clinical course. The patient presented with back pain and a pathologic L1 fracture. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large retroperitoneal mass arising from the left kidney and compressing the spinal cord.

Expression of RNA-binding protein IMP3 (KOC) in benign urothelium and urothelial tumors.

RNA-binding protein IMP3 is a KH-domain-containing protein and a member of the insulin-like growth factor messenger RNA-binding protein family. It is identical to K-homology protein overexpressed in cancer that was identified through screening for genes differentially expressed between benign pancreatic tissue and pancreatic cancer. Several studies have shown that IMP3 is associated with aggressive and advanced tumors in various organs.

Soft tissue tumors of the prostate: a review.

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in adult men. Some prostates that are suspected to be involved by prostatic adenocarcinoma or nodular prostatic hyperplasia through clinical examination and imaging studies proves on histologic examination to be a soft tissue tumor. This paper outlines the most common soft tissue tumors of the prostate and categorizes them into benign, malignant or miscellaneous.

Loss of BRCA2 promotes prostate cancer cell invasion through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9.

BRCA2 is a multifunctional tumor suppressor protein which plays critical roles in DNA repair, transcription, and cell proliferation, and the loss of which has been linked to the biology of several types of cancers. Here, on prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from 80 patients, we demonstrate that BRCA2 protein is lost in carcinoma cells compared to normal and hyperplastic prostate epithelium. Using highly metastatic prostate cancer PC-3 cells, we show that while BRCA2 depletion by small-interfering RNA promoted migration onto the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, laminin, and collagens, as well as invasion through the reconstituted basement membrane matrix Matrigel by more than 140%, recombinant BRCA2 overexpression decreased both phenomena by 57-80% and changed cell morphology from angular and spindle to round and compact.

Function and molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer.

Benign prostate contains luminal epithelial cells, basal cells and a minor component of neuroendocrine cells whose function may be to regulate the growth, differentiation and secretory function of the prostate gland. Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are also present in prostate cancer (PC), and many studies have shown that their number increases in high-grade and high-stage tumors, particularly in hormonally treated and hormone-refractory (androgen independent) PC. Unlike the non-neuroendocrine secretory-type PC cells, NE cells lack androgen receptor and are likely androgen independent.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas express K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer, but carcinoid tumors do not.

A number of malignancies, including high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, have been reported to express K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), a member of the insulin-like growth factor messenger RNA-binding protein (IMP) family also known as L523S and IMP3. KOC acts to promote tumor cell proliferation by enhancing insulin-like growth factor-II protein expression. This study aimed to examine KOC expression pattern in extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

Suppression of androgen receptor transactivation and prostate cancer cell growth by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 via interaction with androgen receptor coregulator ARA54.

The androgen receptor (AR) requires coregulators for its optimal transactivation. Whether AR coregulators also need interacting proteins to modulate their function remains unclear. Here we describe heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 as an associated negative modulator for the AR coregulator ARA54.

Transgelin functions as a suppressor via inhibition of ARA54-enhanced androgen receptor transactivation and prostate cancer cell growth.

The androgen receptor (AR) requires coregulators for its optimal function. However, whether AR coregulators further need interacting protein(s) for their proper function remains unclear. Here we describe transgelin as the first ARA54-associated negative modulator for AR.

Androgen receptor in sertoli cell is essential for germ cell nursery and junctional complex formation in mouse testes.

To examine the role of androgen receptor (AR) in Sertoli cells (SC), we used a SC-specific AR knockout (S-AR-/y) mouse to further evaluate the chronological changes of seminiferous tubules and the molecular mechanisms of SC androgen/AR signals on spermatogenesis. Testes morphology began changing as early as postnatal day (PD) 10.5 in wild-type (WT), but not in S-AR-/y mice.

Immunohistochemical characterization of neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer.

Background: Neuroendocrine (NE) cells increase in high grade/stage prostate cancer (PC) and may contribute to androgen-independent cancer. Their immunohistochemical phenotype has not been studied in detail and conflicting results have been reported.

Methods: PC tissue was stained immunohistochemically for luminal secretory cell-associated cytokeratin, basal cell markers, ki-67, androgen receptor (AR), PSA, prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), and alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR).

Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is involved in neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer.

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) contains a minor component of neuroendocrine (NE) cells that may stimulate androgen-independent growth of the tumor. The mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation remains unknown.

Methods: The expression of PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, was studied in LNCaP cells induced to show neuroendocrine phenotype by androgen withdrawal.

Prostate cancer: three-dimensional sonoelastography for in vitro detection.

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) sonoelastographic imaging, relative to that of gray-scale ultrasonography (US), in the in vitro detection of prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: The study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Overexpression of decoy receptor 3 in precancerous lesions and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

Overexpression of decoy receptor (DcR) 3 protein, a recently discovered member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, was examined in 40 esophagogastrectomy specimens containing areas of Barrett esophagus (n = 27), low-grade dysplasia (n = 27), high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (n = 22), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC; n = 28) with immunohistochemical analysis. The results revealed significantly more overexpression of DcR3 in high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ and EAC than in benign esophageal mucosa (both P < .0001), Barrett esophagus (both P < .

Differential expression of interleukin-8 and its receptors in the neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine compartments of prostate cancer.

Hormonal therapy (androgen ablation and/or inhibition of androgen action) is the treatment of choice for advanced prostate cancer. After an initial response in most patients, tumors invariably progress to an androgen-independent state. It is unclear how prostate cancer cells proliferate without androgen.

Cell culture block array for immunocytochemical study of protein expression in cultured cells.

Immunocytochemical staining of cultured cells using specific antibodies is a powerful technique to study the expression and subcellular localization of proteins. However, this technique is associated with sample-to-sample variations because samples are handled individually and manually. Cell permeation is needed when intracytoplasmic or nuclear proteins are studied.

Frequent expression of human carcinoma-associated antigen, a mucin-type glycoprotein, in cells of prostatic carcinoma.

Context: Human carcinoma-associated antigen (HCA) is a mucin glycoprotein recognized by antibodies raised against epiglycanin, the latter having been originally purified from mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Human carcinoma-associated antigen expression is increased in sera of patients with various carcinomas, including prostatic carcinoma. However, to our knowledge, expression of HCA in benign and neoplastic prostatic tissue has not been studied.

Phyllodes tumor of the prostate: long-term followup study of 23 cases.

Purpose: Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is a rare neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. We studied a large series of phyllodes tumors to define the combination of histological features that are most useful for predicting patient outcome.

Materials And Methods: A total of 23 cases were obtained from our collective files from 1973 to 2002, and numerous clinical and pathological features were evaluated.